Temperature response of soil organic matter mineralisation in arctic soil profiles

Soil organic matter (SOM) in arctic and boreal soils is the largest terrestrial reservoir of carbon. Increased SOM mineralisation under increased temperature has the potential to induce a massive release of CO₂. Precise parameterisation of the response of arctic soils to increased temperatures is therefore crucial for correctly simulating our future climate. Here, we investigated the temperature response of SOM mineralisation in eight arctic soil profiles of Norway, Svalbard and Russia. Samples were collected at two depths from both mineral and organic soils, which were affected or not by permafrost and were incubated for 91 days at 4, 8, 12, and 16 °C. Temperature response was investigated through two parameters derived from a simple exponential model: the intensity of mineralisation, α, and the temperature sensitivity, Q10. For each sample, SOM quality was investigated by ¹³C-NMR, whereas bacterial and fungal community structure was characterised by T-RFLP and ARISA fingerprints, respectively. When estimated from the whole incubation period, α proved to be higher in deep permafrost samples than in shallow active layer ones due to the presence transient flushes of mineralisation in deep permafrost affected soils. At the end of the incubation period, after mineralization flushes had passed, neither α nor Q10 (averaging 1.28 ± 0.07) seemed to be affected by soil type (organic vs mineral soil), site, depth or permafrost. SOM composition and microbial community structure on the contrary where affected by site and soil type. Our results suggest that deep samples of permafrost affected soil contain a small pool of fast cycling carbon, which is quickly depleted after thawing. Once the mineralization flush had passed, the temperature response of permafrost affected soil proved to be relatively homogenous among sample types, suggesting that the use of a single temperature sensitivity parameter in land surface models for SOM decomposition in permafrost-affected soils is justified.     

Pineapple–banana rotation reduced the amount of Fusarium oxysporum more than maize–banana rotation mainly through modulating fungal communities

Continuous cropping with banana results in an enrichment of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (FOC) in soil, causing the soil-borne disease Fusarium wilt. Crop rotation has been an effective method of controlling various soil-borne diseases. However, no information is currently available concerning variations in soil microbial community structure in banana crop rotations. Thus, the influence of two-year crop rotation systems of pineapple–banana and maize–banana on the population density of FOC and soil microbial community structure was investigated to identify which rotation system is more effective in FOC suppression and differences in microbial community composition among different rotations. Bacterial and fungal communities were interrogated by pyrosequencing of the 16 S RNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The pineapple–banana rotation was more effective than maize–banana in reducing FOC abundances and suppressing Fusarium wilt disease incidence. Allelopathic effects of pineapple root exudates on FOC were not observed. Greater fungal community variations than bacterial were identified between the two rotation systems, suggesting that fungal communities may play a more important role in regulating FOC abundances. Furthermore, in the pineapple–banana rotation, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi phyla, Gp1, Gp2 and Burkholderia bacterial genera increased while the fungal phyla Basidiomycota, (esp. Gymnopilus) increased and Sordariomycetes decreased. Such changes may be important microbial factors in the decrease in FOC.     

防治烟草青枯病生物有机肥对土壤微生物菌群的影响及其抗病效果

通过大田试验研究了生物有机肥对烟田土壤微生物菌群的影响和对烟草青枯病的防治效果.结果表明,大田试验的4个处理中,施用生物有机肥的处理3和处理4对青枯病发病率降低较为明显.与对照相比,青枯病发病率分别降低21.9％和25.0％,烟叶产量提高5.7％和5.3％,上中等烟比例提高2.3％和2.6％.施用生物有机肥后,烟株根际土壤微生物不仅数量多,而且种类丰富;发病烟株根际土壤中细菌数量增加218.5％,种类比较单一.施用生物有机肥可以改善烟田土壤的生态环境、抑制病原菌生长、减少病害的发生和提高烤烟品质.     

重金属污染对土壤酶活性的影响

[目的]探求表征土壤重金属污染的主要指示酶,为重金属污染土壤环境质量评价提供理论依据。[方法]以东北黑土为主要研究对象,采用实验室模拟试验,研究不同浓度重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd单因素污染对土壤中过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶、蛋白酶和脱氢酶活性及微生物群落的影响。[结果]土壤脲酶活性与重金属的污染程度呈良好的负相关关系,土壤过氧化氢酶活性对Cu、Zn含量的增加表现较敏感,土壤转化酶活性对Cu非常敏感。[结论]土壤脲酶活性最适于作为土壤重金属污染的敏感指标。     

Long‐term changes of marine subtidal benthic communities in North East Asia (Yellow and Japan seas) in a global change context: A review

1. A review of the long‐term changes and variations in benthic communities and the current status of the marine invasive species (MIS) in shallow waters of the Yellow Sea (Chinese sector) and the Sea of Japan (Russian and partly Korean sectors) is presented. This paper reflects on the progress and lessons learned, recommending actions for the future about the conservation of biodiversity.
2. In the Bohai Sea, the benthic ecosystem has been degenerating due to anthropogenic activities such as overfishing and pollution since the 1950s. The dominant position of K‐strategy species is gradually being lost and replaced by R‐strategy species. In the Yellow Sea, the macrobenthic community is different from other areas due to the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass. Many economic species have been destroyed, and the biotic structure has changed significantly due to overfishing and climate change.
3. In the Russian sector of the Sea of Japan, the macrobenthic communities in the shallow‐water soft bottom have generally been in a stable condition for the last decades, except for some heavily polluted or disturbed areas due to dredging operations. The abundance of select large invertebrate species has changed considerably due to commercial fishing and poaching. Variations in macro? and meiobenthic communities under aquaculture conditions have occurred on a local scale during the last five decades.
4. MIS show obvious differences between China and Russia in the following aspects: introduction pathways of MIS, composition and number of non‐native species, threats and impacts of MIS to native communities and ecosystems, and economic and public health impacts.
5. Long‐term monitoring programmes should be developed to reveal future biotic changes and to separate the effects of cyclic variations of benthic communities from the impacts of pollution and eutrophication. Standardization of sampling procedures is required to compare changes/alternations in benthos across various regions worldwide.

     

罗非鱼养殖池塘底泥微生物群落代谢功能的动态变化

利用传统的平板培养法和Biolog ECO微平板法调查了罗非鱼养殖过程池塘底泥异养细菌数量和微生物群落代谢功能的动态变化.结果表明:底泥异养细菌数量在整个养殖过程中均较稳定,其波动高峰出现在6月份,波动范围为(8.4±5.7)×106～(5.2±4.2)×107CFU/g;池塘底泥微生物群落代谢活性和功能多样性以在各个月份之间的差异性均不显著.此外,还分析了底泥微生物群落的碳源代谢特征,底泥微生物群落对4大类碳源的利用,各月份之间无显著性差异;对不同种类碳源的利用存在差异,对糖类的利用率最高,对氨基酸、脂肪酸、代谢中间产物和次生代谢物的利用率较低.     

广西大明山国家级自然保护区与周边社区协调发展研究

处理好自然保护区与周边社区之间的关系是自然保护区管理的重要内容。分析广西大明山国家级自然保护区与周边社区的发展现状,两者之间发展存在的矛盾,并提出提高周边林区居民保护意识,实施能源替代工程,提高就业保障,发挥项目优势,发展生态旅游等保护区与周边社区协调发展对策。     

2种除草剂对马铃薯地土壤微生物群落的影响

[目的]探究2种除草剂对马铃薯土壤微生物生态多样性变化的影响。[方法]结合田间取样调查及室内试验培养方法研究了百草枯和草甘膦2种除草剂对马铃薯土壤微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)种群数量、微生物群落的影响。[结果]2种除草剂对马铃薯地0～10 cm和10～15 cm深度的土壤细菌和真菌数量影响不大;2种除草剂处理40 d时,放线菌增长被抑制,其数量呈下降趋势,但60 d后放线菌数量逐渐上升呈恢复趋势。[结论]为进一步研究百草枯和草甘膦对农业生态系统的影响提供了理论依据。     

泰国水稻土Fe还原细菌对盐分和有机物改良的响应

In paddy soils of Thailand,the addition of organic matter (OM) is used to efficiently limit the effect of salinity on rice culture and production.OM used as an amendment and fertilizer promotes the reduced condition and increases iron solubilization without provoking ferrous toxicity.In this study,the intricate biogeochemical role of iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) involved in the quality of water and soil of paddy fields,particularly when the paddy fields were subject to salinity and organic matter addition,were studied in paddy fields of Thailand.The results demonstrated that the addition of OM increased the proliferation of cultivable IRB and their specific activity.Cultivable IRB communities decreased in the presence of salt.The presence of salt modified the structure of the bacterial populations by favoring the development of alkaline and moderately halophilic bacteria (Virgibacillus spp.,Oceanobacillus spp.,and Paenibacillus spp.).The paddy soils studied contained very diversified (halosensitive,halotolerant,and halophilic) IRB populations that could be adapted to a variety of salinity conditions (0-90 g L 1 NaCl) using different organic substrates (glucose,acetate,and soil organic matter) to maintain significant activities under extreme conditions of salinity.The rhizosphere of rice stimulated IRB community growth without organic matter,whereas organic matter addition limited the rhizosphere effect on IRB cultivable number in saline condition.The interactive action of salinity and organic amendment had a negative impact on the rhizosphere effect.The presence of specific iron-reducing populations (fermentative,iron-respiring,anaerobic,and facultative anaerobic),having different behaviors under salt and redox stresses,appeared to be a key factor that contributed to the control or enhancement of the quality of water and soil in paddy fields.