耕整播农机装备触土部件表面耐磨强化研究进展

耕整播农机装备是影响中国耕地耕种作业质量与效益的关键农机装备,随着农业机械化的快速发展,耕整播农机装备对其配套的旋耕刀、犁铧、深松铲、耙片、开沟器等触土部件耐磨性和使用寿命提出了更高的要求。该研究系统分析了触土部件主要的磨损失效形式及磨损机理,综述了提高触土部件耐磨性常用的表面熔覆、表面堆焊处理、表面热喷涂、激光表面强化处理、化学热处理、钎涂等表面处理工艺,从磨损机理、材料研发、结构设计和制造工艺4个方面对比分析了国内外技术差距,针对现阶段耕整播触土部件失效机理、材料、结构、工艺等短板环节的难点问题,展望农机触土部件未来研发方向,拟为表面耐磨强化的相关研究和工程应用提供理论依据与技术支撑。     

Experimental Analysis of Fire Resistant Performance of Concrete Frame with Damage Caused by Weak Earthquake

Two monolayer concrete frames with the same reinforcement, KJ1 and KJ2, were designed. KJ1 was designed to simulate low cyclic reversed loading test under weak earthquake. Besides, the fire response test, including temperature rising and lowing, was made by fixing the axial compression ratio of the column. For KJ2, the fire response test at the fixed axial compression ratio was made. The deformation response of the concrete frames in fire was studied. Comparative analysis of the apparent phenomenon, temperature curves, bearing capacity change of the frames were made based on the test results of KJ1 and KJ2. According to the simplified temperature distribution, the ultimate bearing capacity of the column under the high temperature was preliminarily determined. It is illustrated that the calculation results and finally test phenomenon are consistent according to the simplified section.     

Marine temperatures experienced by postsmolts and the survival of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the North Sea area

The survival of two Atlantic salmon stocks that inhabit rivers confluent with the North Sea was examined in respect to historical distributions of sea surface water temperatures. The rivers Figgjo and North Esk are relatively small salmon rivers in southern Norway and eastern Scotland, respectively. Wild salmon smolts have been tagged in these rivers since 1965. Tag returns were used to evaluate the survival of salmon in the North Sea. Survival rates of one-sea-winter (1SW) and 2SW fish were correlated within stocks, as well as between stocks. Survival rates were compared with the areal extent of thermal habitat in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. A positive correlation was found between the area of 8–10°C water in May and the survival of salmon. A reciprocal negative correlation was also found between survival and 5–7°C water in the same month. An analysis of sea surface temperature distributions for periods of good vs. poor salmon survival showed that when cool surface waters dominate the Norwegian coast and North Sea during May, salmon survival has been poor. Conversely, when the 8°C isotherm has extended northward along the Norwegian coast during May, survival has been good. The effect of water temperature distributions on the growth of postsmolts and other survival factors are discussed.     

Temporal patterns of seedling mortality by pine weevils (Hylobius abietis) after prescribed burning in northern Sweden

Damage by the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.), is a major threat to conifer plantations throughout Eurasia, but damage is usually less severe in northern areas. However, pine weevil damage seems to increase if the sites are burnt. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of variations in the time of planting (with respect to the total age of the clear-cut and the time since burning) on pine weevil damage to seedlings on burnt sites in northern Sweden. The study also explored whether there is an optimal time for planting at which damage levels are reduced to acceptable levels. Ten sites were selected in an inland area of northern Sweden where pine weevils are normally scarce. The sites were dry–mesic and represented a range of times since clear-cutting and since burning. The sites were planted in June 1998, 1999 and 2000 with 1-year-old container-grown seedlings of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. Pine weevil damage was reduced if planting was done no earlier than 3 years after clear-cutting and no earlier than 2 years after burning. Planting too soon after burning, irrespective of the age of the clear-cut, resulted in unacceptably high damage levels.     

Water Conservation Forest Impacts on the Runoff Generation and Sedimentation at Small Watershed Scale in the Miyun Reservoir Watershed

密云水库集水区水源保护林在北京地区饮用水源保护中起着非常重要的作用．本文给出了该区小流域对比实验的初步研究结果,有林小流域和无林小流域对１９９６年７月３０日降雨过程较为一致的径流响应表明,土壤前期含水量对流域产流有较大的影响,在降雨较多土壤含水量较大的情况下该区产流方式可以表现为饱和地表径流．尽管该区以霍顿超渗产流为主,但对于１９９７年７月３１日至８月１日降雨过程,森林流域产流总量为１３９３．８０ｍ３,无林流域为２２０２．４３ｍ３,森林流域减少洪水总量３６．７％,消减洪峰流量达３７３％．然而,１９９７年７月１９日降雨过程森林流域径流洪峰量与洪水泥沙含量均较无林流域高,这表明预处理措施对径流泥沙过程有极为显著的影响     

气候变化下西北太平洋大海洋生态系海表面温度特征分析

气候变化和气候事件对海洋环境有着重大的影响,其影响存在着时空差异。研究以西北太平洋五个大型海洋生态系统(Large Marine Ecosystem,LME,包括西白令海,鄂霍茨克海,黑潮、亲潮以及日本海)的海表面温度(Sea surface temperature,SST)为研究对象,分析SST的随时空变化趋势及其与太平洋年代际振荡((Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO)和厄尔尼诺(El Ni?o)、拉尼娜(La Ni?a)事件的影响。研究发现,除了西白令海,其它四个大型海洋生态系统的SST都在1987年左右发生了急剧的上升,呈现出两个变化模态;将SST的长期变化趋势去除后,可以发现,五个LME的SST随着时间上下波动,并没有固定的周期性变化存在,但是与厄尔尼诺拉尼娜事件有着密切联系。水温的空间分布上看,各区域的SST都呈现由北向南逐渐增高的趋势,但是增温趋势不尽相同,在西白令海的整个区域SST都在升高,降温区域围绕在库页岛和日本的北海道附近,这其中相关机制有待后续进一步研究。     

多参数冬小麦估产模型研究及产量影响因素分析

产量估算研究对制定粮食政策和经济计划,科学地进行粮食宏观调控有着重要意义。针对以往线性遥感估产模型中多是基于NDVI和LAI的研究,且参数间存在多重共线性等问题,该研究以河北省南部石家庄、保定、邯郸、邢台、衡水、沧州六市为研究区,选用2000—2008 年的种植区最佳时相NDVI、LAI累加值,并引入与小麦生物量积累密切相关的不同月份地表温度作为原始估产指标,针对参数累加值存在的误差,提出一个修正公式对NDVI、LAI 进行修正,再对选用参数进行主成分分析,将结果与冬小麦产量数据建立出4 个多参数综合作用的冬小麦遥感估产模型。结果表明,利用2009 年数据对模型进行验证,结果表明4 个模型的R2介于0.714~0.818 之间,估产精度均在93.0%以上,其中,综合所有遥感参数的模型拟合效果最好,R2为0.818,估产精度达95%,而且引入温差主成分的模型精度高于仅用NDVI、LAI作参数的模型,另外深入分析各参数对产量估测的影响可知4 月中旬和5 月中旬的地表昼夜温差对冬小麦的后期产量具有较大影响。     

旋耕刀曲面典型形状的研究

给出了描述旋耕刀曲面形状特征的３个角度参数：滑切角、起土角及偏切角，对比研究了日本典型旋耕刀ＦＴ８０３及Ｙ１５１和我国国家标准旋耕刀ⅡＴ２４５的这３个角度参数值，指出了旋耕刀曲面形状对其耕作性能和功耗的影响。     

响应面法优化鱿鱼皮酶解工艺研究

为研究木瓜蛋白酶酶解鱿鱼皮的最佳酶解条件,通过单因素试验研究了酶添加量、酶解时间和酶解温度对鱿鱼皮水解度的影响。结果显示,3个因素对鱿鱼皮水解度均有不同程度的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,以水解度为响应值,酶添加量、酶解时间和酶解温度为自变量,采用Box-Benhnken响应面法设计3因素3水平优化试验,通过响应面分析,建立了二次多项数学模型对酶解条件进行优化,获得木瓜蛋白酶酶解鱿鱼皮的最佳条件:酶添加量4 560 U/g,酶解时间3.2 h和酶解温度50℃。在该条件下木瓜蛋白酶酶解鱿鱼皮的水解度可达15.53%,与模型预测值基本一致。研究表明,通过响应面法获得的数学预测模型能较好地预测木瓜蛋白酶酶解鱿鱼皮的效果,试验结果为鱿鱼加工副产物高值化利用提供了参考。     

解磷巨大芽胞杆菌液体发酵的培养基优化

为得到高密度发酵的最优培养基组成,以一株分离自土壤的解磷巨大芽胞杆菌为研究对象,以发酵液OD600为判断活菌数依据,进行响应面法优化试验。首先进行单因素试验筛选培养基中的碳源、氮源、碳源浓度、氮源浓度、无机盐及无机盐浓度,得到单因素最佳值;然后利用响应面设计,通过3步试验,即部分因子试验、最陡爬坡试验和中心组合试验对培养基进行优化。结果表明：该株巨大芽胞杆菌的最佳培养基质量组成为：乳糖6 g/L,蛋白胨7.45 g/L,NaCl 5 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 2.46 g/L,CaCl2 1.22 g/L,K2SO4 0.087 g/L。在此最优培养基条件下培养,发酵液最终活菌数达到2.0×109 cfu/mL以上。运用此培养基配方进行发酵,可为农业生产提供高密度的磷细菌菌剂。