园林植物光合生理特征研究进展

园林植物光合生理特征研究是为解决环境生态问题,尤其是全球环境变化问题应运而生的一门学科,它结合园林植物生理学来分析生态学现象。植物学中最重要的生态学现象是光合作用,综述光合生理生态研究状况,以及不同因素对园林植物的光合生理生态的影响,为深入研究我国的园林植物光合生理生态资源提供参考。     

Plant growth and survival of five introduced and two native/naturalized perennial grass genotypes exposed to two defoliation managements in arid Argentina

The field performance of the native Pappophorum vaginatum, the naturalized Eragrostis curvula and various cultivars of the introduced Achnatherum hymenoides and Leymus cinereus was evaluated as potential forage resources in rangelands of arid Argentina during the warm seasons of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. Plants of these grass species, obtained from seeds, were transplanted to the field in 2006, when they were 1 year old. During the study years, there were two defoliation managements: plants of all study genotypes either remained undefoliated (controls) or were defoliated twice a year during spring at 5 cm stubble height. Despite tiller number being lower (P < 0·05) on defoliated than on undefoliated plants, and total leaf length per unit basal area being similar (P > 0·05) between defoliation managements by mid‐spring, there were no differences (P > 0·05) in dry weight production between defoliated and undefoliated plants in all genotypes at the end of the second growing season. Plants of one or more of the introduced genotypes showed a similar (P > 0·05) or greater (P < 0·05), but not lower, tiller number per plant and per square centimetre, daughter tiller production, total leaf length and dry weight production per unit basal area than the native species at the end of the first and/or second growing seasons. These morphological variables were similar (P > 0·05) or greater (P < 0·05) in the native than in the naturalized genotype. Plant survival, however, was lower (P < 0·05, overall mean = 20%) in the introduced than in the native (>70%) or naturalized (>39%) genotypes at the end of the first or second growing seasons.     

烟后稻抛栽育秧技术研究与应用

通过不同的软盘、育秧方式、播种密度、施氮量、化控次数等烟后稻抛栽育秧试验和多年试验示范结果,提出"选盘、旱育、稀播、适氮、化控"等烟后稻抛栽育秧关键技术。通过生产验证表明,应用该育秧关键技术,不仅能解决烟后种植中迟熟超级稻品种抛栽出现长秧龄、育壮秧难、产量不高等问题,还能有效提高烟后茬超级稻产量水平。     

迷迭香扦插繁殖技术研究

选择3种生根剂处理迷迭香插条,采用露地和搭建拱棚两种方法进行扦插试验,结果表明：3种生根试剂处理的迷迭香插条成活率显著高于对照,ABT处理插条成活率92.3%,NAA处理插条成活率93.7%;搭建拱棚扦插有利于插条生长。     

寒地早熟理想株型超级稻龙粳31的创新实践

本文介绍了黑龙江省超级稻育种的特殊性、寒地超级稻的实践成果,根据实际条件提出了黑龙江省优质超级稻育种目标,总结了寒地超级稻理想株型与配套栽培技术,对创新实践成果龙粳31的选育、栽培、生育特性及推广进行了详尽分析与论述,为寒地水稻的创新实践提供了有价值的参考。     

Biosurfactant-assisted phytoremediation of potentially toxic elements in soil: Green technology for meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

Biosurfactants are biomolecules produced by microorganisms, low in toxicity, biodegradable, and relatively easy to synthesize using renewable waste substrates. Biosurfactants are of great importance with a wide and versatile range of applications, including the bioremediation of contaminated sites. Plants may accumulate soil potentially toxic elements(PTEs), and the accumulation efficacy may be further enhanced by the biosurfactants produced by rhizospheric microorganisms. Occasionally, the growth of bacteria slows down in adverse conditions, such as highly contaminated soils with PTEs. In this context,the plant's phytoextraction capacity could be improved by the addition of metal-tolerant bacteria that produce biosurfactants. Several sources, categories,and bioavailability of PTEs in soil are reported in this article, with the focus on the cost-effective and sustainable soil remediation technologies, where biosurfactants are used as a remediation method. How rhizobacterial biosurfactants can improve PTE recovery capabilities of plants is discussed, and the molecular mechanisms in bacterial genomes that support the production of important biosurfactants are listed. The status and cost of commercial biosurfactant production in the international market are also presented.     

Rhizosphere microbiomes can regulate plant drought tolerance

Beneficial root-associated rhizospheric microbes play a key role in maintaining host plant growth and can potentially allow drought-resilient crop production. The complex interaction of root-associated microbes mainly depends on soil type, plant genotype, and soil moisture. However, drought is the most devastating environmental stress that strongly reduces soil biota and can restrict plant growth and yield. In this review, we discussed our mechanistic understanding of drought and microbial response traits. Additionally, we highlighted the role of beneficial microbes and plant-derived metabolites in alleviating drought stress and improving crop growth. We proposed that future research might focus on evaluating the dynamics of root-beneficial microbes under field drought conditions. The integrative use of ecology, microbial, and molecular approaches may serve as a promising strategy to produce more drought-resilient and sustainable crops.     

水稻半矮杆突变体‘双辐矮糯’的农艺性状与遗传分析

倒伏是影响水稻（Oryza sativa L.）生产的重要因素,半矮杆是协调高产和抗倒性的理想资源。前期通过辐射诱变‘湘辐糯1号’获得了半矮杆突变体‘双辐矮糯’。本研究分析了‘双辐矮糯’的茎节配置特点、基本农艺性状及其遗传规律。结果表明：‘双辐矮糯’株高较‘湘辐糯1号’（133.13 cm）降低了24.88 cm,穗、第1节和第2节长度显著缩短,降幅分别达到18.10%、23.06%和19.13%,而第3、4、5节长度缩短程度不明显,表明其株高突变基因主要控制穗和高位茎节的伸长。‘双辐矮糯’的单株有效穗为10.4个,是‘湘辐糯1号’（5.2个）的2.04倍,其强分蘖能力确保了在每穗总粒数下降20.24%和千粒重下降7.51%情况下单株产量仍表现出25.26%的增长。品质分析发现,‘双辐矮糯’的粒长、粒宽、长宽比等外观品质指标及直链淀粉含量、胶稠度等食味品质指标与‘湘辐糯1号’无显著差异,说明‘双辐矮糯’株高的下降未对外观品质与食味品质产生不利影响。遗传分析发现,48对SSR标记在‘双辐矮糯’与‘湘辐糯1号’间扩增出了完全一致的基因型,二者遗传背景相似度达到了100.00%,证实了‘双辐矮糯’是源于‘湘辐糯1号’的真实变异。利用‘双辐矮糯’与‘湘辐糯1号’构建了2个正反交F₂群体,分析发现群体中半矮杆植株与野生型植株理论分离比符合1∶3,表明半矮杆性状受一个隐性细胞核基因控制。本研究明确了‘双辐矮糯’的株高表型和遗传特点,为深入挖掘其育种价值奠定基础。     

粳稻品种苗期耐盐指标分析及品种耐盐力鉴定

为筛选水稻耐盐品种,以10个粳稻品种为试验对象,采用对比试验的方法,分析评价1.5%NaCl水溶液对粳稻苗期各项耐盐指标的影响。耐盐指标综合分析结果表明:辽盐2号、辽粳9234、沈农9911、丰锦、辽盐糯的总体耐盐力较强;盐丰47、铁粳4号、沈农9816的总体耐盐力中等;一见钟情、松粳7号的总体耐盐力较低。     

辣木

辣木源自印度和非洲,20世纪70年代引入中国云南、海南和广西等地。由于它富含钙质、植物蛋白、重要矿物质、维生素和重要氨基酸等,而受到人们广泛关注。本文研究辣木的起源、植物学、产量、栽培技术、新种质和各种营养物质等,论述其对人体的作用、营养价值、相关疾病的防治及可能的功效等。