Effect of extraction methods on characteristic and composition of Indonesian cashew nut shell liquid

Long chain phenols contained in cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) are found to have important pharmaceutical applications, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, urease inhibitory and lipoxygenase activities, and also are well known in coating and resin industry. The impact of different extraction methods on CNSL yield, selectivity towards preferable compounds, composition and characteristic of extracts was investigated. Four different methods employed in extracting CNSL from CNS were: supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction (40 °C, 300 bar, 4 h), subcritical water (SCW) extraction (140 °C, 22 bar, 1 h), soxhlet extraction (solvent boiling point, atmospheric pressure, 30 h), and two-step extraction, which comprises a solvent extraction followed by a SCW extraction. Characteristic of the extracts differed significantly. Methanol and two-step extraction resulted in darker and more turbid extracts, while n-hexane and SC-CO₂ extracts were clearer and lighter in color. GC-FID/MS chromatograms showed differences in compositions of the extracts obtained by different methods. Two-step extraction yielded extracts that contain 81.17-82.98% total long chain phenols (around 50% based on dry CNS) with monounsaturated cardanol as the major compound, producing higher amount of total phenols than other methods. SCW extraction showed high selectivity towards monounsaturated cardanol and stigmasterol, while high concentration of monounsaturated anacardic acid and cardol appeared in SC-CO₂ extract.     

番茄红素常用提取工艺研究

实验以对番茄进行高附加值深加工研究为目的,采用有机溶剂浸提法,微波辅助提取法和超声波辅助提取法从新鲜番茄,番茄酱中提取番茄红素。结果表明：冷冻干燥的预加工方法对番茄红素的提取有所促进;微波辅助提取法和超声波辅助提取法较有机溶剂浸提法提取番茄中番茄红素的提取含量之比分别是：1.57∶1和2.19∶1。微波辅助提取番茄红素的建议工艺条件：55℃,30 s。在300 w, 50℃,6 min,料液比1∶6(V/V);超声辅助提取番茄红素的建议提取溶剂是乙酸乙酯。     

咖啡叶片原生质体分离条件的研究

以中粒种咖啡（Coffea. canephora）叶片组织为材料,研究酶液组合、酶解时间、酶液渗透压及预处理措施对其原生质体分离效果的影响,以期确定能够酶解出高数量且高活力的原生质体的酶解条件。结果表明：获得有活力原生质体的最佳酶液组合为2％纤维素酶+0.5％果胶酶+0.3％离析酶,同时酶解时间为20 h、酶液渗透压即甘露醇浓度为0.7 mol/L,预处理措施为黑暗24 h的咖啡叶片组织得到8.1×105个/g、活力达到73％的原生质体。     

一株辣椒尖孢炭疽病菌拮抗菌株的分离鉴定与发酵条件优化

 为了探寻辣椒尖孢炭疽病的生防药剂,从而控制该病在辣椒生产上的扩散。以辣椒尖孢炭疽病菌（Colletotrichum acutata）为指示菌,从浏阳河风光带土样中分离筛选出6株拮抗放线菌株,其中菌株ND045对指示菌的拮抗效果最好,菌丝生长抑制率高达71.6%。经形态观察、培养性状、生理生化鉴定,并结合16S rDNA序列分析,将ND045菌株鉴定为吸水链霉菌（Streptomyces hygroscopicus）。抗菌谱研究表明,该菌株对稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)、辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsici)、黄瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium omysporum）和辣椒白绢病菌（Sclerotium rolfsii）都具有较强的拮抗作用,抑菌率达40.58%～72.00%。通过单因子变量法和均匀设计法对菌株ND045进行发酵条件研究,结果表明,其最佳的发酵条件为：15 g大米粉、5 g大豆粉、0.5 g MgSO₄、0.01 g FeSO₄·7H₂O、1.5 g NaCl、水1 000 mL、30℃、pH 8。经优化后,菌丝生长抑制率最高达到82.61%,比优化前提高了11.01%。该研究结果为辣椒尖孢炭疽病的生物防治提供科学依据。     

惠州市冬种马铃薯卷叶病毒病的发生、鉴定及气象影响因子研究

以惠州冬种马铃薯为研究对象,探索不同气象条件对冬种马铃薯卷叶病毒的影响。以田间调查的形式统计了不同时期冬种马铃薯卷叶病毒的发病情况,并对马铃薯卷叶病毒进行分子鉴定,分析了惠州市冬季气温、相对湿度及降水等气象条件对冬种马铃薯卷叶病毒病的影响。结果表明:3次调查马铃薯卷叶病毒病的平均发病率依次为2.48%、12.6%、70.18%,呈上升趋势;分子鉴定结果显示确为马铃薯卷叶病毒的感染;气象条件对冬种马铃薯卷叶病毒的发生有着重要的影响,其中高温、少雨,相对湿度在70%~80%的气象条件易造成马铃薯卷叶病毒病的发生和传播。     

中医临证四大核心理念之制宜观

人体是一个开放的复杂巨系统,与自然、社会无时无刻、无处不在地发生联系。中医学认为,疾病的发生、发展与转归受多方面因素的影响,如体质、年龄、性别、时令气候、地理环境等。因而在治疗上须依据疾病与患者、地理、气候三者之间的关系,制定相适宜的治疗方法,即因人制宜、因地制宜、因时制宜,才能取得预期的治疗效果。制宜观是指导中医临证的重要观点,是基于整体观念,以追求人体内外环境协调平衡为目标而形成的一种精准治疗原则。     

Climate effects on an inland alpine lake in Xinjiang,China over the past 40 years

Inland lakes are important water resources in arid and semiarid regions. Understanding climate effects on these lakes is critical to accurately evaluate the dynamic changes of water resources. This study focused on the changes in Sayram Lake of Xinjiang, China, and addressed the effects of climate fluctuations on the inland lake based on long-term sequenced remote sensing images and meteorological data from the past 40 years. A geographic information system (GIS) method was used to obtain the hypsometry of the basin area of Sayram Lake, and estimation methods for evaporation from rising temperature and water levels from increasing precipitation were proposed. Results showed that: (1) Areal values of Sayram Lake have increased over the past 40 years. (2) Both temperature and precipitation have increased with average increases of more than 1.8℃ and 82 mm, respectively. Variation of the water levels in the lake was consistent with local climate changes, and the areal values show linear relationships with local temperature and precipitation data. (3) According to the hypsometry data of the basin area, the estimated lake water levels increased by 2.8 m, and the water volume increased by 12.9×10 8 m3 over the past 40 years. The increasing area of Sayram Lake correlated with local and regional climatic changes because it is hardly affected by human activities.     

辽河保护区水域原生动物多样性分析及其在水质评价中的作用

2012年6月24日和8月2日对辽河保护区原生动物群落多样性进行了调查,共观察到原生动物36种,其中鞭毛虫12种,占原生动物总数的33.33％;肉足虫1种,占2.78％;纤毛虫23种,占63.89％.原生动物的组成规律为植物性鞭毛虫多,动物性鞭毛虫少;纤毛虫多,肉足虫少.辽河原生动物群落的种类组成、个体丰度及多样性指数等特征均因水质的变化而变化.2次采集的优势种类为草履唇滴虫(Chilomonas paramecium)、隐滴虫(Cryptomonas sp.)、织毛虫(Histriculus sp.)、似织毛虫(Histriculus similis)、阔口游仆虫(Euplotes eurystomus)、尾草履虫(Paramecium caudatum)和尖毛虫(Oxytricha sp.).通过原生动物多样性分析,可初步确定辽河保护区的水质等级为Ⅳ～V级.     

前茬小麦不同耕作方式对土壤含水量和夏玉米产量的影响

2009年采用大区试验,在前茬小麦免耕和耕作方式下,自然条件下对夏玉米田进行土壤含水量变化及夏玉米产量比较研究。结果表明,2009年夏玉米整个生育期降雨量为339.5 mm,前茬小麦两种耕作方式在不同时期不同土层的土壤平均含水量都在13%以上,并且两种方式不同土层平均含水量差异不显著;在夏玉米需水高峰期,相应的有效降水使土壤含水量能够满足夏玉米生长的需要。前茬小麦免耕和耕作下玉米平均产量分别为7 839.2、8 074.5 kg/hm2,差异不显著。因此,前茬小麦免耕可节省劳动量,防止水土流失,保护土壤结构,消除犁底层对作物根系生长与养分吸收的影响。     

2010年冬季陕南柑橘受冻气象条件分析及防御对策

为了有效利用气候资源,趋利避害,合理规划和发展陕南柑橘产业,在对2010年冬季陕南柑橘越冬冻害灾情调查的基础上,分析了当年柑橘越冬期冻害形成的气候背景;结合柑橘越冬期冻害指标及低温过程中的有害积寒,分析并验证了陕南柑橘越冬期冻害等级指标,提出了用低温过程中有害积寒划分陕南柑橘越冬冻害等级的相关指标;通过对安康、汉中2市12个柑橘种植县（区）2010年冬季及历史极端最低气温和低温过程有害积寒的分析,探讨了陕南柑橘越冬期冻害西部重于东部的原因,其分析结果与调查实情基本相符;最后从多个方面提出柑橘越冬期冻害的防御对策。