双孢蘑菇贮藏条件对其生理生化变化影响的研究进展

贮藏条件是影响双孢蘑菇贮藏效果的重要因素,介绍了气体成分、温度和湿度等因素对双孢蘑菇生理生化变化的影响。     

离心泵叶轮内变工况三维湍流数值模拟

采用工程上广泛使用的标准k—ε两方程湍流模型，对离心泵最佳工况和大流量工况、小流量工况进行了叶轮内部流动的数值模拟，对3种工况下叶轮内的相对流动、径向流动及切向流动进行了分析，探讨了轴向旋涡的特征、叶片流道的挟持约束作用、叶片流道内的压力分布与流量的关系等流动特性。     

Logging pattern and landscape changes over the last century at the boreal and deciduous forest transition in Eastern Canada

Forestry practices associated with the industrial era (since ~1900) have altered the natural disturbance regimes and greatly impacted the world’s forests. We quantified twentieth century logging patterns and regional scale consequences in three sub-boreal forest landscapes of Eastern Canada (117,000, 49,400 and 92,300 ha), comparing forestry maps depicting age and forest cover types for early industrial (1930) and present-day (2000) conditions. Results were similar for the three landscapes, indicating large-scale forest change during the twentieth century. In 1930, previous logging activities had been concentrated in the lowlands and along the main hydrographical network, as compared to a more even distribution over the landscapes in 2000, reflecting a decreasing influence of the environmental constraints on forest harvesting. In 1930, old-aged forests (>100 years) accounted for more than 75% of the unlogged areas of the three landscapes, as compared to less than 15% for the present-day conditions. Logging practices have thus inverted the stand age distribution of the landscapes that are currently dominated by young and regenerating stands. The 1930 forest cover types showed a clear relationship with elevation, with conifers located in the lowlands and mixed and deciduous stands restricted to the upper slopes. Between 1930 and 2000, 58–64% of the conifer areas transformed to mixed and deciduous forests, such that no clear altitudinal relationships remained in 2000. We conclude that twentieth century logging practices have strongly altered the preindustrial vegetation patterns in our study area, to the point that ecosystem-based management strategies should be developed to restore conifer dominance, altitudinal gradients, as well as the irregular structure inspired from old forest stands.     

小区绿化设计的理念、原则及造景

通过参考大量文献资料及深入实际调查分析研究,结合实例分析总结居住小区绿化设计中存在的几个常见的问题,提出小区绿化设计的理念、原则,并对小区绿化植物的选择与造景提出建议。     

超临界脱除茶叶咖啡因的优化工艺

以完整茶叶为研究对象,通过单因素实验和正交实验研究萃取压力、萃取温度、夹带剂浓度、夹带剂用量4因素对咖啡因脱除率的影响,优化了超临界脱除茶叶咖啡因的工艺条件,即萃取压力35MPa、萃取温度80℃、浓度70%的乙醇作为夹带剂,其用量与茶叶的质量比为1.2∶1时脱除率最高,达到48.96,以此达到提高茶叶品质和价值的目的.     

Effects of Pre-Stratification Storage Conditions on Black Walnut Seed Post-Stratification Germination Capacity

The objective of this work was to quantify changes in the germination capacity of Juglans nigra seeds following storage and then artificial stratification. Seeds were stored at 5 and –20 °C under 5% and 14% internal moisture content (IMC) for 0, 8, 10, and 12 months under conditions with oxygen or under vacuum. Germination percentage (GP) was affected by storage temperature, IMC, and storage period. Seeds stored with 5% IMC succeeded in germinating regardless of the temperature. Seeds stored with 14% IMC did not germinate (–20 °C) or germinated during storage (5 °C). The GP was reduced with the time of storage in seeds at –20 °C and 5% IMC and this effect was avoided in storage under vacuum. In conclusion, the germination capacity of black walnut seeds did not change for up to 12 months at low above-zero temperature and low IMC (5 °C, 5% IMC), being the most cost-effective alternative for long-term storage of black walnut seeds in commercial nurseries. Vacuum storage avoided the decrease of around 50% in average germination capacity of seeds stored for a year at –20 °C.     

斜流泵小流量工况压力脉动数值模拟与实验

基于标准的Smagorinsky亚格子尺度模型,对斜流泵全流场进行大涡模拟并结合压力脉动实验对小流量工况下的压力脉动和内部流场进行研究。实验结果表明,叶轮进口处的脉动幅值最高,随着流量的降低压力脉动幅值逐渐增加,不同工况下叶轮进口、叶轮出口、导叶进口的压力脉动主频为叶频,但导叶出口脉动主频随着流量的变化而变化。大涡模拟表明,0.8Qopt工况下叶轮进口流动状态较好,叶轮进口轴面速度变化较小,而在0.4Qopt工况下叶轮进口流动状态较复杂,轴面速度变化较大,0.4Qopt工况时叶轮进口冲角增加以及受到相邻叶片叶顶泄漏流的影响,在t*=0.041 6时叶片进口吸力面已发生流动分离,当叶轮从t*=0.041 6旋转到t*=0.124 9时,叶片吸力面流动分离加剧,轮缘处的轴面速度明显升高,同时分离涡的旋转强度也逐渐增强,导致该区域的静压下降,逆压梯度上升,促使回流的产生,当回流到达叶片进口时进口处的静压逐渐恢复,因此叶轮进口流动分离是引起叶轮进口压力脉动幅值增加的重要因素。     

夏季积层混合云降水的宏微观特征及人工增雨可播性研究

为了使FY-2C/D 卫星资料反演云系微物理特征参数更好地应用于人工影响天气作业中,利用2010 年8 月17—19 日山西夏季积层混合云降水过程的雷达、卫星、机载云物理探测平台的综合探测资料,对云系演变特征、人工增雨的可播性以及催化效果进行分析。结果表明：云系维持时间达35 h,17日白天到夜间云层不断增厚,云粒子有效半径(Re)稳定变化较小,降水少,云系的自然降水过程较弱,具有较好的增雨作业潜力。8 月17 日白天云顶温度-10℃,云滴有效半径小于12 μm,云系密实,云中过冷水含量丰沛,大粒子与冰晶含量较少;夜晚在高云的播种效应之下,产生较大降水;持续稳定的中低层状云系存在较好的增雨作业机会。综合分析可知,适宜于这次夏季积层混合云降水人工催化条件的卫星判据为：云系厚度大于2 km,云顶温度-10~-20℃,云顶云粒子有效半径小于15 μm。     

具有除草活性的生防菌株GD-9发酵条件优化及菌剂制备

为了明确具有除草活性的生防菌株GD-9发酵过程中各因子的配比和最优条件,采用单因素试验对菌株最适碳源、氮源、载体、固态发酵基质进行了筛选,应用正交试验设计研究了碳源、氮源、初始含水量、接种量、初始pH、培养时间、培养温度7种因素对菌株活菌数的影响。试验结果表明菌株GD-9最佳固态发酵条件为:氮源NaNO_3 58.4 mg/g,碳源葡萄糖48.4 mg/g,培养基质最适初始含水量为258 mg/g,最适接种量为0.26 mL/g,初始pH 7.6,最佳培养时间147.8 h,最佳培养温度30.7℃,最适宜的载体为黏土,分散剂为聚乙烯醇,稳定剂为膨润土,润湿剂为糊精。通过发酵试验结果制备生防菌株GD-9的固体菌剂,该研究为菌剂的商品化生产奠定基础。     

不同光照条件对脱镁叶绿酸钠光敏抑菌活性的影响

脱镁叶绿酸钠是叶绿素代谢中间产物脱镁叶绿酸a的水溶性钠盐,具有良好的光敏抑菌活性。为探索光照条件对其抑菌活性的影响,采用菌丝生长速率法,研究在不同光照度、光波长及光照时间条件下,脱镁叶绿酸钠对忽视拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis neglecta的抑制作用。结果表明:20 mg/mL的脱镁叶绿酸钠在照度为2 000 lx的白光照射下对菌丝生长的抑制率为83.7%,在黑暗条件下抑制率为77.0%,表明光照对脱镁叶绿酸钠抑菌活性有显著影响 (P < 0.05);此外,白光的效果好于单色光;光照度及光照时间对抑菌活性也有显著影响,其中当照度为16 000 lx且光照时间为24 h时抑菌作用最强。