Litter- and ecosystem-driven decomposition under elevated CO2 and enhanced N deposition in a Sphagnum peatland

Peatlands represent massive global C pools and sinks. Carbon accumulation depends on the ratio between net primary production and decomposition, both of which can change under projected increases of atmospheric CO₂ and N deposition. The decomposition of litter is influenced by 1) the quality of the litter, and 2) the microenvironmental conditions in which the litter decomposes. This study aims at experimentally testing the effects of these two drivers in the context of global change. We studied the in situ litter decomposition from three common peatland species (Eriophorum vaginatum, Polytrichum strictum and Sphagnum fallax) collected after one year of litter production under pre-treatment conditions (elevated CO₂: 560 ppm or enhanced N: 3 g m⁻² y⁻¹ NH₄NO₃) and decomposed the following year under treatment conditions (same as pre-treatment). By considering the cross-effects between pre-treatments and treatments, we distinguished between the effects on mass loss of 1) the pre-treatment-induced litter quality and 2) the treatment conditions under which the litters were decomposing. The combination between CO₂ pre-treatment and CO₂ treatment reduced Polytrichum decomposition by −24% and this can be explained by litter quality-driven decomposition changes brought by the pre-treatment. CO₂ pre-treatment reduced Eriophorum litter quality, although this was not sufficient to predict decomposition. The N addition pre-treatment reduced the decomposition of Eriophorum, due to enhanced lignin and soluble phenols concentrations in the initial litter, and reduced litter-driven losses of starch and enhanced litter-driven losses of soluble phenols. While decomposition indices based on initial litter quality provide a broad explanation of quantitative and qualitative decomposition, they can only be taken as first approximations. Indeed, the microbial ATP activity, the litter N loss and resulting litter quality, were strongly altered irrespective of the compounds' initial concentration and by means of processes that occurred independently of the initial litter-qualitative changes. The experimental design was valuable to assess litter- and ecosystem-driven decomposition pathways simultaneously or independently. The ability to separate these two drivers makes it possible to attest the presence of litter-qualitative changes even without any litter biochemical determinations, and shows the screening potential of this approach for future experiments dealing with multiple plant species.     

Influence of tree crown characteristics on the local PM10 distribution inside an urban street canyon in Antwerp (Belgium): A model and experimental approach

Apart from influencing the amount of leaf-deposited particles, tree crown morphology will influence the local distribution of atmospheric particles. Nevertheless, tree crowns are often represented very rudimentary in three-dimensional air quality models. Therefore, the influence of tree crown representation on the local ambient PM₁₀ concentration and resulting leaf-deposited PM₁₀ mass was evaluated, using the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model ENVI-met^® and ground-based LiDAR imaging. The modelled leaf-deposited PM₁₀ mass was compared to gravimetric results within three different particle size fractions (0.2–3, 3–10 and >10 μm), obtained at 20 locations within the tree crown. Modelling of the LiDAR-derived tree crown resulted in altered atmospheric PM₁₀ concentrations in the vicinity of the tree crown. Although this model study was limited to a single tree and model configuration, our results demonstrate that improving tree crown characteristics (shape, dimensions and LAD) affects the resulting local PM₁₀ distribution in ENVI-met. An accurate tree crown representation seems, therefore, of great importance when aiming at modelling the local PM distribution.     

改善喷射沉积耐热铝合金板坯轧制成形性能的研究

喷射沉积Al-8．5Fe-1．3V-1．7Si(8009)耐热铝合金板坯是由基体金属和孔隙、少量颗粒边界的氧化膜组成的，微观组织缺乏良好的冶金结合，直接采用轧制使其致密化产生塑性变形，在工艺上存在极大的难度，轧制时易出现板坯表面裂纹及边裂。本文研究了8009合金的包套轧制、交叉横轧工艺，实验结果表明：采用包套轧制、交叉横轧工艺，有效地改善了喷射沉积板坯的轧制成形性能，成功制备出厚度为0．6～1．0mm的薄板。     

山羊体成分及屠体组织分布

基因、性别、营养水平、环境及它们之间的互作对山羊的体成分起着至关重要的作用。蛋白质和脂肪组织的沉积历来是人们最关心的，主要是这两种成分的数量及比率直接关系到动物的经济价值。山羊不同生长阶段体组成的资料又是研究其营养需要量的重要依据。因此，研究山羊在不同营养水平和不同年龄阶段的体组织分布及变化规律，对山羊营养需要量的进一步研究和产肉性能的发挥有重要意义。作者着眼于国内外的研究进展，介绍山羊体成分的测定方法和屠体组成分布及变化规律。     

管壁剪切应力对蜡沉积的影响

根据Fick扩散方程，提出了管流条件下扩散至管壁处可析出蜡分子的沉积系数，用该系数描述了管流中油流的冲刷作用对蜡沉积的影响，通过对新疆的几种油样进行试验研究，结果表明，当温度或流速发生变化从而引起管壁剪切应力变化时，沉积系数随着管壁剪切庆力的增大而减小。     

Tracing Pb Pollution Penetration in Temperate Podzols

We combine high‐resolution soil sampling with lead (Pb) analyses (concentrations and stable isotopes) in two temperate podzols, together with previous data obtained with selective Al and Fe dissolution techniques. We aim to assess how atmospheric Pb is incorporated into the soils during pedogenesis. Partial least squares modelling for Pb concentrations shows that the podzolization process has the largest effect on Pb concentration (80·3% of the variance). The proportion of inorganic secondary compounds, the input of fresh organic matter from the soil surface and the relative abundance of Fe versus Al are responsible for a small part of the Pb concentration variance. Lead isotopic composition (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios) depends on soil organic matter content either fresh/poorly humified (57·3% of the variance) or humified (24·7% of the variance). The Pb linked to inorganic compounds and the overall podzolization process play a minor role in isotopic signature (5·3 and 3·7% of the variance respectively). Soil pH appears to be the controlling variable of the different transport and retention mechanisms. The relatively low isotopic ratios observed in spodic horizons result from geogenic Pb released through the preferential dissolution of the isotopically distinct most weatherable minerals of the parent material in the eluvial horizons, which undergoes downward mobilization. An accurate knowledge of soil reactive components and formation mechanisms is essential to a correct diagnose of the scope of Pb pollution and a more effective design of remediation strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Studies on the Pathogenesis of Shimao Zheng (Fleece-eating) in Sheep and Goats

Research on the disease called shimao zheng, which had resulted in widespread fleece-eating and shedding by sheep and goats in the Haizi area of Akesa County of Gansu Province of China, was carried out by both laboratory studies and pathological observations. There was a marked deficiency of sulfur in the wool and tissues of the affected animals. The pathological changes were mainly loss of fleece, exposure of the skin, keratinization of the epidermal cells, narrowing and reduced numbers of the fleece follicles, and fewer sebaceous glands and sweat glands. Histologically, there was atrophy of the striated and cardiac muscles and of the epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the kidney, together with a glomerulonephritis. The disease was considered to be a local nutritional and metabolic disorder, probably mainly caused by sulfur deficiency.     

SO_2排放对葫芦岛地区土壤的影响

在葫芦岛地区 ,由于锌厂常年 (尤其是近期 )排放SO2 已使该区土壤性质受到了严重的影响 .测定结果 :土壤表层 ( 0～ 2 0cm)有效S提高 1～ 5倍 ,全S含量提高 2 1 .38%～ 87.86% ,在严重影响区 pH值已下降至 5 .0 5～ 5 .0 3.锌厂排放的SO2 所形成的酸雨危害不可忽视     

梯度风对雾滴穿透性影响的研究及试验

该文对梯度风中果树枝叶的运动规律的理论分析发现：梯度风可以使果树枝叶产生“躲闪”、“退让”和“扭转”运动，有利于雾滴穿透和沉积。室内和田间试验证明：只提高弥雾机出口风速对雾滴的穿透效果不好，反而容易造成近风侧粘附雾滴的逃逸。而弥雾机械梯度风的存在，有利于雾滴的穿透和沉积。因此，为了提高雾滴的穿透性和沉积性，应该提高梯度风的梯度。为减少已粘附雾滴的逃逸损失，提高雾滴在整株果树上分布均匀性，提高药效，必需合理选择和控制风机的出口风速。     

太湖地区地表水氮污染源的评论

The nitrogen （N） pollution status of the 12 most important rivers in Changshu, Taihu Lake region was investigated. Water samples were collected from depths of 0.5-1.0 m with the aid of the global positioning system （GPS）. The seasonal variations in the concentrations of different N components in the rivers were measured. Using tension-free monolith lysimeters and ^15N-labeled fertilizer, field experiments were carried out in this region to determine variations of iSN abundance of NO3^- in the leachate during the rice and wheat growing seasons, respectively. Results showed that the main source of N pollution of surface waters in the Taihu Lake region was not the N fertilizer applied in the farmland but the urban domestic sewage and rural human and animal excreta directly discharged into the water bodies without treatment. Atmospheric dry and wet N deposition was another evident source of N pollutant of the surface waters. In conclusion, it would not be correct to attribute the N applied to farmlands as the source of N pollution of the surface waters in this region.