湿米粉中吊白块含量的测定

利用甲醛与乙酰丙酮及铵离子反应,将生成的黄色物质与标准系列比较,定量测定甲醛含量,并用碘标准溶液滴定二氧化硫含量,从而对湿米粉中吊白块含量进行检测,效果良好。     

洞庭湖泥沙沉积与土壤侵蚀

洞庭湖是一个吞吐型的过水湖泊,其泥沙沉积量大,1951～1983年累计沉积泥沙约48.07亿t,年平均沉积1.5亿t。泥沙沉积于汛期,多为长江冲积物。严重的泥沙淤积,反映出长江中上游地区土壤侵蚀十分强烈。泥沙沉积灾害发生在湖区,突出表现为洪涝、土壤潜育化和血吸虫感染。侵蚀灾害发生在山丘区,它导致土壤退化和滑坡、泥石流灾害加剧。加强长江上游水土流失重点防治和中上游防护林工程体系建设,提高人均产值,消除或减轻人口增长对生态环境造成的压力,可从根本上控制土壤侵蚀和泥沙沉积灾害。     

Establishing an acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia

Acid deposition is widely recognized as one of the most serious international atmospheric pollution problems. East Asian countries are currently experiencing acid deposition and have only recently begun expanding domestic research and monitoring activities. However, acid deposition is not only a domestic but also a transboundary problem. In addressing the transboundary aspect, cooperative and collaborative action will be essential. The Environment Agency of Japan is advocating the need to establish an acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia. Therefore, it is sponsoring three Expert Meetings on Acid Precipitation Monitoring Network in East Asia between 1993 and 1995. The meetings are attended by both scientific researchers and government officials from numerous East Asian countries. At the administrative and scientific discussions of the first two meetings a consensus on the desirability of establishing a monitoring network in East Asia was obtained and a preliminary technical guideline manual for monitoring acid deposition was adopted. By the end of the third meeting it is hoped that a basic consensus can be reached on a framework for an East Asian acid deposition monitoring network. It is essential to establish such a network in order to evaluate the present state of acid deposition in the region and to reach a common scientific understanding on the acid deposition problem. This is a vital step toward promoting international cooperation on the issue.     

Laboratory study of SO2 dry deposition on limestone and marble: Effects of humidity and surface variables

The dry deposition of gaseous air pollutants on stone and other materials is influenced by atmospheric processes and the chemical characteristics of the deposited gas species and of the specific receptor material. Previous studies have shown that relative humidity, surface moisture, and acid buffering capability of the receptor surface are very important factors. To better quantify this behavior, a special recirculating wind tunnel/environmental chamber was constructed, in which wind speed, turbulence, air temperature, relative humidity, and concentrations of several pollutants (SO₂, O₃, nitrogen oxides) can be held constant. An airfoil sample holder holds up to eight stone samples (3.8 cm in diameter and 1 cm thick) in nearly identical exposure conditions. SO₂ deposition on limestone was found to increase exponentially with increasing relative humidity (RH). Marble behaves similarly, but with a much lower deposition rate. Trends indicate there is little deposition below 20% RH on clean limestone and below 60% RH on clean marble. This large difference is due to the limestone's greater porosity, surface roughness, and effective surface area. These results indicate surface variables generally limit SO₂ deposition below about 70% RH on limestone and below at least 95% RH on marble. Aerodynamic variables generally limit deposition at higher relative humidity or when the surface is wet.     

土壤有机硫矿化动力学特征及影响因素

利用开放培养系统，分别在20℃和30℃，好气和淹水条件下研究了四种土壤（黑土、褐土、黄棕壤和红壤）有机硫矿化特征。结果表明，30℃条件下土壤有机硫累积矿化量显著高于20℃下的矿化量（P＜0．01）。20℃和30℃好气条件下累积矿化量分别为17．53－24．35mg kg^-1和34．20－54．33mg kg^-1，分别占有机硫总量的2．5％－6．5％和5．－14．5％，20℃和30℃淹水条件下累积矿化量分别为18．14－21．15mg kg^-1和26．86－30．63mg kg^-1，分别占有机硫总量的2．6％－5．6％和4．0％－7．7％。好气和淹水下30℃与20℃的有机硫累积矿化量之比分别为1．85－2．23和1．28－1．71。用一级动力学方程和双倒数方程计算土壤有机硫矿化势（S0）表明，20℃好气培养时S0分别为17．82－24．88mg kg^-1和17．83－27．7mg kg^-1，S0分别为17．50－21．49mg kg^-1和19．19－22．50mg kg^-1,30℃淹水条件下S0分别为28．26－35．87mg kg^-1和26．59－34．25mg kg^-1。土壤有机硫矿化速率常数（K）和矿化量达50％矿化势（S0）所需的时间（K1）受不同土壤和培养温度的影响，都可用一级动力学方程和双倒数方程来评价。碳键硫对有机硫矿化的贡献较大，尤其在淹水条件下更明显。     

三门峡水库对黄河河流地貌的影响

三门峡水库建成后,先后采用了蓄水拦沙、滞洪排沙和蓄清排浑调水调沙三种运用方式,水库在运用过程中也相应的分为三个阶段.第一阶段水库淤积严重,主要在潼关到上游大坝;第二阶段为滞洪排沙,排沙量增加幅度较大,淤积主要在潼关以下;第三阶段为蓄清排浑,使潼关以下淤积得以改善.在分析了三门峡水库运用后库区的冲淤、潼关高程的变化及库区下游河流地貌的变化情况,总结了不同运用方式下下游黄河河流地貌的变化规律.     

氮沉降对细根动态和形态特征的影响研究进展

旨在总结前人研究经验以及过去研究的不足,指出未来N沉降对于细根影响研究的发展方向。基于前人研究的成果,总结了N沉降是如何影响细根动态和形态特征,进而又如何影响生态系统C循环。详细分析了全球N沉降现状,表明N沉降呈逐年加重的趋势;分析了细根动态（细根周转和呼吸）和形态特征（根长、直径、生物量、化学组分）对N沉降的响应。既有研究提供了很多N沉降影响细根动态和形态特征的证据,这些证据对于未来开展细根综合研究具有重要借鉴意义。     

北方森林细根对氮沉降和二氧化碳浓度升高的响应

北方森林是全球第二大生物群区,约占全球森林面积的30%,尽管其细根生物量仅占森林生态系统很小的一部分,但其周转率更快,更易分解,因此,其对土壤碳循环和大气CO_2通量贡献很大。笔者综述了氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的背景数据,总结了细根对二者变化的响应,主要从细根的形态特征、解剖结构和生理功能方面入手,探讨了其对氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的响应。结论如下:(1)大气氮沉降量一直处于上升状态,与人类活动密切相关的有机氮量所占比例逐渐加大,而无机氮中NH_4~-N和NO_3~-N的变化趋势表现不同;(2)大气CO_2浓度一直呈上升趋势,细根形态特征、解剖结构和生理功能对其表现出明显的响应;(3)树种、年龄、土壤类型等都会改变细根形态、解剖结构和生理功能对氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的响应结果,但改变的程度不同。研究结果可为北方森林乃至温带森林生态系统功能对氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的响应提供参考依据和数据支持。     

气助式静电喷雾靶标物背部沉积特性

为了研究气助式静电喷雾中,药液雾化特性对其靶标背部沉积效果的影响,采用Ф80mm的西红柿果实作为靶标,配制1g／L的刚果红溶液模拟农药进行喷雾试验．运用OLID测试系统对不同施药条件（气体压力、静电电压、喷雾距离）下药液的雾化特性进行了测试,借助分光光度计定量分析靶标背部沉积量,结合试验结果对药液雾化特性与靶标背部沉积效果的关系进行了分析和讨论．结果表明：非静电喷雾时,雾滴不易粘附于标靶背部,与荷电喷雾时相比,背部沉积量较小可以忽略;在气动力和静电力的前后作用下,雾滴的粒径随气体压力、静电电压的增加而减小且分布愈均匀;增加气体压力、静电电压均可提高药液靶标背部的沉积量,其中静电电压影响最大;荷电啧雾时,雾滴的粒径愈小分布愈均匀有利于荷电药液在靶标物背部沉积．     

黄土丘陵区小流域淤地坝纪录的泥沙沉积过程研究

淤地坝是黄土丘陵区小流域水土流失治理的重要工程措施之一,在拦蓄泥沙的同时,也记载了小流域侵蚀产沙的历史变化过程及特征.该研究根据流域历史降雨资料,分析了黄土丘陵区关地沟小流域淤地坝1959～1987年泥沙沉积旋回变化及各旋回层泥沙中、小流域沟间地和沟谷地表层土体中放射性同位素137Cs含量,研究了小流域侵蚀产沙变化过程及泥沙主要来源.结果表明:该小流域在淤地坝建设初期,侵蚀产沙强度很大,其后产沙强度由强变弱,呈显著降低趋势,淤地坝内沉积泥沙的70%来源于沟间地;微小流域与较大流域在泥沙来源方面存在较大差异.