药液表面张力与喷雾方法对雾滴在水稻植株上沉积的影响

 以生物染料丽春红-G为示踪剂,采用比色法分析了药液表面张力及喷雾方法对雾滴在水稻植株上沉积的影响。结果表明,分蘖期、孕穗期、扬花期水稻叶片的临界表面张力值分别为34.46、34.36和34.33 mN/m。与喷洒清水对照相比,3个水稻生育期内喷洒添加有100 mg/L TX-10的丽春红-G溶液,单株水稻上的丽春红-G沉积率均有不同程度的增加,其中,手动喷雾器压顶喷雾分别增加了80.85%、29.80%和22.61%;弥雾机喷头下倾喷雾分别增加了50.83%、18.48%和31.07%。在相同的水稻生育期,喷洒相同表面张力的药液,弥雾机喷头下倾喷雾单株水稻上的丽春红-G沉积率均显著高于弥雾机漂移喷雾和手动喷雾器压顶喷雾。在稻田喷雾中,利用表面活性剂降低药液表面张力和采用弥雾机施药有助于提高雾滴在水稻植株上的沉积率。     

二氧化碳浓度升高与氮沉降对三江平原小叶章群落生物量累积及其分配格局的影响

通过开顶式气室控制大气CO2浓度（370、550及700 μmol/mol）,施加不同量NH4NO3设置氮素梯度[0,4,8 g/(m2?a)],研究了大气CO2浓度升高和氮素增加对三江平原湿地小叶章群落生物量及生物量分配的影响。结果表明,在不同氮素水平下,小叶章天然群落地上生物量随CO2浓度的增加而下降,地下生物量却随CO2浓度的增加表现为先增加而后下降;总生物量随CO2浓度的增加而下降;不同处理下小叶章群落根、茎、叶生物量比重变化趋势不同。CO2浓度及N素处理对根生物量影响显著,对小叶章群落生物量格局影响差异不显著。     

Effects of microplastic polystyrene, simulated acid rain and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Trifolium repens growth and soil microbial community composition

Microplastic pollution is a global and ubiquitous environmental problem in the oceans as well as in the terrestrial environment. We examined the fate of microplastic polystyrene (MPS) beads in experimental soil in the presence and absence of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and simulated acid rain (SAR) to determine whether the combinations of these three factors altered the growth of white clover Trifolium repens. We found that MPS, SAR, or AMF added singly to soil did not alter T. repens growth or yields. In contrast, MPS and AMF together significantly reduced shoot biomass, while SAR and MPS together significantly reduced soil available phosphorus independent of AMF presence. Microplastic polystyrene, AMF, and SAR together significantly reduced soil NO^-₃-N. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi added singly also enriched the beneficial soil bacteria (genus Solirubrobacter), while MPS combined with AMF significantly enriched the potential plant pathogenic fungus Spiromastix. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation with MPS increased the abundance of soil hydrocarbon degraders independent of the presence of SAR. In addition, the abundance of soil nitrate reducers was increased by MPS, especially in the presence of AMF and SAR. Moreover, SAR alone increased the abundance of soil pathogens within the fungal community including antibiotic producers. These findings indicate that the coexistence of MPS, SAR, and AMF may exacerbate the adverse effects of MPS on soil and plant health.     

Overstory vegetation influence nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon flux from the atmosphere to the forest floor: Boreal Plain,Canada

Nitrate, ammonium, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and flux were measured for one year in bulk deposition and throughfall from three stand types (upland deciduous, upland conifer and wetland conifer) on the Boreal Plain, Canada. Annual (November 2006 to October 2007 water year) flux rates in bulk deposition were 80, 216, 114 and 410 mg N m⁻² for nitrate, ammonium, DON and TDN, respectively, and 3.5 g C m⁻² for DOC. The nitrate and ammonium flux in throughfall were approximately 50% of the flux in bulk deposition, while TDN flux in throughfall was 60–74% of the flux in bulk deposition. The DOC flux in throughfall was approximately 2 times greater than DOC flux in bulk deposition, while there was no detectable difference in DON flux. The forest canopy generally had the most impact on throughfall chemistry during the active growing season as compared with the dormant season, although DOC concentrations in throughfall of deciduous stands was highest during autumn. For the upland stands, TDN flow-weighted mean concentrations in the snowpack were not detectably different from the concentrations in throughfall and bulk deposition throughout the rest of the year. However, ammonium concentrations were lower and DON concentrations were higher in the snowpack than in either throughfall or bulk deposition for the other seasons, suggesting some transformation of ammonium to DON within the snowpack.     

饲粮中添加啤酒花渣对肉仔鸡营养物质代谢的影响

试验选用300只1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为6组,每个组设5个重复.各试验组在饲粮中分别加入0、4%、8%、12%、16%、20%的啤酒花渣.结果表明,添加8%、12%、16%和20%的啤酒花渣试验处理,使肉仔鸡的能量表现存留率、干物质表观存留率、有机物表观存留率均随着添加量的增加而降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);而4%的处理无显著差异(P＞0.05).20%的处理显著降低了粗蛋白表观存留率(P＜0.01)、钙表观存留率(P＜0.01)和磷表现存留率(P＜0.05);16%的处理显著降低了粗蛋白袁观存留率(P＜0.05);8%的处理和12%的处理显著降低了钙表现存留率(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).随着饲粮中啤酒花渣添加量的增加,营养物质的存留率有降低的趋势,但在饲粮中添加4%的啤酒花渣对内仔鸡的营养物质代谢没有显著影响.     

硫对大豆叶面积和叶绿素含量的影响

采用盆栽方法,设置4个硫素施用水平,研究硫素营养对大豆叶面积和叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,施硫能增加大豆叶面积,尤其盛花期作用效果,并显著提高开花至鼓粒期叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及总叶绿素的含量,对产量形成有利。     

温室自动变量施药系统设计

针对温室内手动施药喷雾质量差、容易造成施药人员中毒的问题,基于AT89S52单片机开发环境设计温室自动变量施药系统;研究了喷杆行走速度和喷头流量对作物单位面积雾滴沉积量的影响。实验结果表明:所设计的温室自动变量施药系统可根据上位机对CCD采集的病害信息处理结果,对喷杆行走速度和喷头流量进行控制,实现无人自动变量施药;在喷头型号、喷雾压力一定的条件下,改变喷杆行走速度和喷头流量可使单位面积雾滴沉积量的变化范围为0.27~0.76μg/cm2,很好地实现了自动变量喷雾;单位面积雾滴沉积量与喷杆行走速度和喷头流量均呈线性关系,相关系数R2均大于0.99。     

酵母硒、无机硒对不同品种母猪繁殖性能、仔猪组织中硒沉积影响的研究

为了研究酵母硒和无机硒对不同品种母猪繁殖性能的影响及硒沉积规律,试验选择长白母猪和藏母猪各18头,在日粮中分别添加0.3 mg/kg亚硒酸钠和0.2、0.5 mg/kg酵母硒,对不同品种母猪的繁殖性能、母乳中硒沉积及哺乳仔猪组织中硒存留进行了研究。结果表明, 添加0.2、0.5 mg/kg酵母硒后,母猪繁殖性能有改进;酵母硒较亚硒酸钠能显著提高初乳、常乳及仔猪组织中硒含量,特别是肌肉中硒含量;不同品种母猪对酵母硒的需求量有所不同,硒沉积的规律也有所不同。     

调流墙对微灌用沉沙池水流流态的影响分析研究

微灌沉沙池是为了直接利用地表水资源作为微灌系统灌溉水源而提出的一种新型泥沙处理技术。泥沙在沉沙池中沉降效果的好坏,与池内水流流场分布直接有关。为使沉沙池内水流流场分布更利于泥沙的沉降,对传统沉沙池进行了改进,在沉沙池工作段首部加设调流墙来对入池水流进行调节,对其调节机理进行了分析研究,并通过室内模型试验验证其调节效果。对试验结果进行分析,表明经过调流墙调节后的水流流场分布更利于泥沙在沉沙池内的沉降,可为工程设计提供参考。     

山苦茶多糖的分离和含量测定

用石油醚和95％乙醇分别浸提山苦茶叶,以去除其中脂溶性成分和单糖、低聚糖、苷类等杂质,再用水提醇沉法提取分离山苦茶多糖,最后采用Sevag试剂法和蛋白酶酶解法去除茶多糖中的蛋白质。以葡萄糖为标准,蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定山苦茶多糖含量。考察了乙醇浓度对山苦茶多糖沉淀量的影响。结果表明,采用Sevag试剂法和蛋白酶酶解法相结合去除蛋白质效果较好。采用80％乙醇浓度沉淀山苦茶多糖效果最佳,测定波长为604 nm,山苦茶中多糖含量为1.012％,方法回收率96.7％,RSD为2.45％,多糖提取液4 h内显色稳定。该试验方法测定茶多糖准确快速,显色稳定且精密度好。