Is there lipostatic regulation of feed intake in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.?

High‐energy feeds, with increased fat concentrations, are often used in salmon farming to improve feed:gain ratio. However, fish are thought to regulate ingestion to meet their energy and nutrient intake requirements. Further, feeds with excessive fat content will lead to increased adiposity, which is thought to exert a negative feedback on feed intake via lipostatic regulation mechanisms. A test of the lipostatic model of feed intake regulation was carried out on juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. (c. 165 g) in which body fat content (5.6% and 9.4% body fat) had been manipulated by feeding feeds with different fat concentrations. Thereafter, the fish were offered the high‐ and low‐fat feeds (15.6% and 26.5% dietary fat content) simultaneously, and our hypothesis was that feed preference and intake would reflect the state of fat storage. Thus, we predicted that, when given a choice of feeds, the lean fish would eat more, and that the body fat status of the groups would converge over time. The results indicated a general preference for the leaner feed irrespective of adiposity level, but leaner fish consumed more feed, grew faster and deposited more body fat than their fatter counterparts. Over time, body compositions converged among treatments, and differences in feed intake ablated. These findings seem to provide supportive evidence for a lipostatic regulation of feed intake in fish.     

中国城市水土流失的现状、对策及研究展望——以广东省深圳市为例

[目的]总结城市水土流失的概念、危害、成因、特点和防治对策,分析城市水土保持工作存在的问题和未来研究方向,旨在为中国城市水土流失治理及研究工作提供参考依据。[方法]根据多年的研究工作经验和文献资料,综合分析国内外城市水土流失及水土保持研究的成果。[结果](1)城市水土流失的概念蕴涵自然和人为两种动力,水和土两个流失主体,城市和周边及地表与地下两类分布空间;(2)城市水土流失危害主要包括管道淤积、风沙扬尘、水源污染、资源衰退、环境破坏等多方面;(3)城市水土流失防治对策主要包括法律、机制、宣传、监管、兼治和科研等6个方面。[结论]人们对城市水土流失的认识尚存不足,城市水土保持理论、技术及法规体系有待完善。城市水土流失及城市水土保持工作应从理论研究、应用优化以及经验推广等方面深入开展。     

墨西哥柏幼苗生长和光合生理对氮沉降的响应

选取2年生墨西哥柏幼苗为试验对象,以NH4NO3为外加氮源,通过模拟氮沉降试验,研究其生长和光合生理对氮增加的响应.结果表明:幼苗在高氮水平处理下其生长不断受到抑制,而在中氮水平处理下,幼苗生长不断得到促进.随着施氮浓度增加,墨西哥柏幼苗的根质量和根长均降低,表明氮处理抑制根的生长,分配到根部分的生物量下降.幼苗的净光合速率呈现出随氮处理浓度增加而先增加后降低的趋势,即中氮组的净光合速率最高,而高氮组开始逐渐下降.幼苗的水分利用效率变化趋势与净光合速率一致.幼苗叶片光合色素含量随氮处理水平增加而增加.说明短期内中氮水平对幼苗生长和光合作用影响最显著,而高氮水平对幼苗光合色素影响最显著.     

不同温度下单相含蜡原油的蜡沉积规律

针对石油工业中的蜡沉积问题,利用冷指实验装置研究了单相含蜡原油体系冷却液温度、油流温度和同一温差不同温度区间对蜡沉积规律的影响,得到了单相含蜡原油蜡沉积规律的宏观特性,并利用高温气相色谱（HTGC）装置分析沉积物组分的宏观变化。在相同油温条件下,随着冷却液温度的升高,蜡沉积速率减小而沉积物中高碳数组分比例增大;在相同冷却液温度条件下,随着油温从凝点附近增大至析蜡点以上,蜡沉积量先减小后增加最后再减小,沉积物中高碳数组分比例增大;在同一温差条件下,随着温度区间温度的升高,蜡沉积量的变化有波动但油温在析蜡点附近沉积量达到最大值,沉积物中高碳数组分比例一直增大。针对实际管流,环境温度基本恒定,通过升高入口油温减少沉积的发生,因此,在含蜡原油管输中,入口油温的选取对整个管输过程中蜡沉积的形成以及形成后的清理很重要。根据实验结果,入口油温不是越高越好,应保证入口油温低于析蜡点且整个管输过程中高于凝点5℃左右。（图6,参12）     

饲粮赖氨酸水平对1～21日龄狮头鹅生长性能、血清生化指标及蛋白沉积的影响

【目的】主要研究不同赖氨酸水平的饲粮对1~21日龄狮头鹅生长性能、血清生化指标及蛋白沉积的影响.【方法】选用828只1日龄的健康狮头鹅,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复23只.对照组赖氨酸添加水平(w)为0.75%,各处理组赖氨酸水平分别为0.90%、1.05%、1.20%、1.35%、1.50%.试验期21 d.【结果和结论】1)随赖氨酸水平升高,1.05%~1.50%处理组的狮头鹅21日龄的平均日增质量显著高于对照组和0.90%组(P0.05);赖氨酸1.05%~1.50%处理组耗料增质量比均显著低于对照组和0.90%组(P0.05).2)对狮头鹅血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白的影响趋势相近,均在1.20%组达到最高,并显著高于0.90%、1.05%和1.35%组.血清尿酸和三酰甘油的浓度均在1.05%组最低,但各组之间差异不显著.血清碱性磷酸酶浓度在1.20%组达到最大值,显著高于1.05%、1.35%和1.50%组(P0.05).血清生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子1质量浓度各组间差异不显著.3)狮头鹅蛋白绝对沉积、相对沉积随饲粮赖氨酸水平的升高而升高,并且在赖氨酸为1.20%时达到较好的效果.研究表明,饲粮中添加赖氨酸可以有效地提高狮头鹅的生长性能,1~21日龄狮头鹅饲粮赖氨酸适宜水平为1.05%.     

Effects of Maternal Dietary Energy Restriction on Fat Deposition of Offspring

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of maternal dietary energy restriction on growth performance, serum indices and fat deposition of offspring. A total of 400 female Arbor Acres （AA） broiler breeders were studied. These female birds involved three experimental treatments and a control group with normal dietary energy diets （ND, 11.7 MJ of ME. kgt during the laying）. In treatments 2, 3 and 4, the energies of diets were 20%, 30% and 50% （LD20, LD30 and LD50） lower than those of the control, respectively. The study commenced at the beginning of the laying period when the total egg production reached 5% of the flock. All the broiler offspring were fed the same diets. The results showed that in low energy diets, offspring showed decreased 1-day-old weight, but 49-day-old weight was higher in LD20 diet （P〈0.05）. For offspring during days 1-49, the average daily gain （ADG） in LD20 group and the feed conversion ratio in LD50 group were improved as compared with those of the control （P〈0.05）. Compared with the control, abdominal fat percentage increased in 49-day-old offspring from LD30 diet （P〈0.05）; the fat content of breast muscle in offspring increased in broilers fed low energy diets （P〈0.05）. In 28-day-old offspring from breeders given LD20 and LD50 diets, liver fat percentages were higher compared with ND （P〈0.05）. The subcutaneous fat thickness in 28-day-old offspring from LD50 group and 49-day-old offspring from LD30 group was higher （P〈0.05）. On day 49, the serum cholesterol （CHO） of offspring from breeders fed LD20 diet and serum high-density lipoprotein （HDL） of offspring from breeders fed LD50 diet reduced compared with those of the control （P〈0.05）. In addition, a higher triiodothyronine （T3） content in serum was found in offspring from broiler breeders given LD20 and LD30 diets （P〈0.05）. Serum thyroxine （T4） in offspring significantly decreased with the decrease of diet energy （P〈0.05）. In conclusion, to a certain extent, dietary energy restriction in breeders could improve growth performance and promote lipid metabolism of offspring.     

大型铜冶炼厂周边农田区大气重金属沉降特征研究

为探索铜冶炼厂周边农田区大气重金属沉降的时空变异特征,以冶炼厂为中心,四周等距离均匀分设8个监测点,于2012年5月至2013年4月,根据酸沉降检测技术规范,采收大气干湿沉降混合样品,利用原子吸收分光光度法分析样品中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr含量,计算各监测点所代表区域各类重金属沉降通量。结果显示,研究区重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr的年沉降通量分别为638、6.56、70.0、225、22.7 mg·m-2·a-1。五种重金属沉降量具有一定的时间变化特征,其中Cd、Zn和Cr的月际间变化显著(P0.05,n=96),Pb、Zn、Cr季节间变化显著(P0.05,n=32),而Cu无显著的月间或季间变化。空间上,Cu、Cd、Pb年沉降通量有极显著性差异(P0.01,n=8),以铜冶炼厂西南方向的九牛岗监测点最高,而Zn和Cr则无显著性差异。     

不同硫浓度下叶面施硒对水稻幼苗镉的亚细胞分布及化学形态的影响

采用水培的方式,通过叶面喷施硒(Se),根部施加硫(S)与镉(Cd),研究了不同硫浓度下叶面施硒对水稻幼苗体内Cd的亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响。结果表明,在不同处理条件下,细胞壁组分所占比例均为Cd10Cd1(Cd10代表浓度为10 mg·L-1的Cd,下同)。随着S的增加以及叶面施Se可溶性组分中Cd的比例有所升高,表明S与Se的供应能促进Cd向液泡转移。NaCl提取态所占比例趋势为S720S48S0、Se500Se0,而乙醇和去离子水等活性较高的提取态所占比例有所下降,说明S的添加以及叶面施Se能够促使Cd向活性较低的提取态转移。然而相对于无S,在高浓度S情况下,施Se并未显著增加Cd在液泡中以及FNaCl提取态的比例,推测S与Se之间相互竞争,从而未产生协同作用。