优质油菜施硫效应研究

试验表明,在土壤偏碱性,有效58.75mg/kg条件下,玉米作物施硫具有显著的增产、增值效果。施硫对提高单位面积有效穗数、平均穗籽粒数、千粒质量、叶色深度具有显著的影响,对生育时段影响较小,增产、增值效应随用量不同而异,增产9.33～26.83kg/667m~2,平均产量19.29kg/667m~2,增产率5.76%～16.59%,投产比10.17～4.32,合理用量为纯硫。2.00～4.00kg/667m~2,做底肥施用。     

0~4周龄云岭红肉鸡赖氨酸适宜需要量的研究

试验通过分析饲粮不同赖氨酸水平对云岭红肉鸡生长性能、氮沉积率及血液生化指标的影响,确定云岭红肉鸡饲粮赖氨酸的适宜需要量。采用单因素试验设计,将180只健康状况良好、体重相近的1日龄云岭红肉鸡随机分为5个处理组,每组3个重复,每个重复12只鸡。5组试验鸡饲喂的饲粮赖氨酸水平分别为0.85%、0.95%、1.05%、1.15%、1.25%。结果表明:赖氨酸水平对试验鸡的期末体重、全期增重、平均日增重及料重比有显著影响(P<0.05),当赖氨酸水平为1.15%时期末体重最大739.21 g,全期增重最大701.66 g,平均日增重最大24.19 g,料重比最低1.68。不同赖氨酸水平对丝氨酸、甘氨酸和组氨酸的表观代谢率影响显著(P<0.05)。对血清总氨基酸和血清尿素氮影响显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,0~4周龄云岭红肉鸡适宜赖氨酸水平最适量为1.15%。     

动物脂肪沉积程序化及精氨酸的调控作用

脂肪的过度沉积常伴随着胰岛素抵抗、Ⅱ型糖尿病等代谢病症,既危害人类健康,带来经济负担,也会在农业生产中影响畜牧产品的质量。脂肪的沉积,始于胚胎期脂肪组织的发育,是一系列程序化作用的结果。脂肪沉积受多方因素影响,营养干预可以通过胚胎环境中的糖皮质激素浓度、线粒体功能、表观遗传、食欲中枢发育等方面影响胚胎脂肪沉积程序化。论文阐述了动物出生前后营养状况对脂肪沉积程序化的作用,对脂肪沉积的机制进行了初步探讨,并介绍了精氨酸营养在脂肪沉积中的应用。饮食中添加精氨酸为治疗脂肪过度沉积,提高畜牧生产水平,改善人类生活质量,开拓了新的思路。     

Challenges and opportunities of unmanned aerial vehicles as a new tool for crop pest control

The application of pesticides is not simply delivering chemicals to the target area. It also involves considering the negative aspects and developing strategies to deal with them during the application process, to ensure the maximization of pesticides use efficiency and the maintenance of the ecosystem. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayers demonstrate unique advantages compared to traditional ground sprayers, particularly in terms of maneuverability and labor intensity reduction, showed great potential for chemical application in pest control. It is undeniable that there exist challenges in the practice of UAV spraying, such as higher potential risks of pesticide drift or pathogen transmission, uncertainty canopy deposition for different crops, and unexpected leaf breakage induced by downwash flow. Maximizing the utilization of downwash flow while avoiding lateral air movement outside the intended target crop area is a major issue for chemical application with UAV sprayers, particularly in light of the increasingly apparent consensus on the need for enhanced environmental protection during the chemical application process. It must be considered that the operation strategy in different scenarios and for different crop targets is not the same, unique requirements should be given on nozzle atomization, flight parameters, adjuvants and aircraft types in specific working situations. In future, the implementation of spray drift prediction, technical procedures development, and other solutions aimed at reducing pesticide drift and improving deposition quality, is expected to promote the adoption of UAV sprayers by more farmers. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

METAL MATRIX PARTICULATE COMPOSITES BY SPRAYING CODEPOSITION

The spraying codeposition process is used to produce metal matrix paniculate composites, whose technical procedure and main processing parameters are analyzed. The microstructure of the composites is examined and the properties are tested. The solidification characteristics in the spraying deposition and solidification process are discussed. The results indicate that several problems involved in conventional methods can be overcome with this technique to preduce metal matrix paniculate composites. The reinforce particles are dispersed in the matrix homogeneously without solidification segregation. Compared with the matrix alloy,the composite proves to be harder and has excellent wear resistance.     

厌氧生物水处理技术研究进展

在原有脱碳技术基础上,废水厌氧处理在其他领域的研究与应用被不断拓展.本文介绍了近年来厌氧生物处理技术的新发展,从理论和工艺两个方面,综述了厌氧生物脱硫、生物制氢、厌氧氨氧化、厌氧反硝化的原理、研究、技术开发与应用.     

Effects of silver nanoparticle size, concentration and coating on soil quality as indicated by arylsulfatase and sulfite oxidase activities

Recently, the nanotechnology industry has seen a growing interest in integrating silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) into agricultural products, which increases soil exposure to these particles. This demands an investigation into the effect of AgNPs on soil health. Changes in soil enzyme activities upon exposure to AgNPs can serve as early indicators of any adverse effects that these particles may have on soil quality. This study aimed to determine the effects of AgNP size, concentration, coating, and e...     

降水、氮沉降及放牧对草地生态系统凋落物分解的影响研究进展

草地生态系统对我国建设生态文明、提供生态系统服务、保障食品安全和维护边疆稳定有举足轻重的作用。全球气候变化和过度的人为干扰打破了草地生态系统原有的平衡及稳定性,造成草地退化、沙化和盐渍化现象严重。草地生态系统结构、功能与过程的稳定是保证草地生态系统稳定的基础。凋落物分解过程是草地物质循环的重要环节,对维持草地生态系统稳定性具有重要作用。草地生态系统凋落物分解对降水格局变化、大气氮沉降增加及放牧干扰的响应已有较多的研究。对目前国内外相关研究进行了梳理和总结,发现降水、氮沉降和放牧对草地生态系统凋落物分解的影响,因地理位置和气候变化以及草地类型的异质性而不同,也有针对同一地区开展的研究呈现不同结果的现象。目前对这三种干扰因素中的两因素或三因素交互作用对草地生态系统凋落物分解过程的影响研究较少,而研究气候变化及人为干扰对草地生态系统凋落物的影响对正确理解草地生态系统结构与功能,以及可持续利用与保护草地生态系统具有重要的意义。     

不同氮硫浓度及氮硫比对硫酸盐还原厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果的影响

在硫酸盐还原厌氧氨氧化（Sulfate-Reducing Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation,SRAO）脱氮工艺的基础上,探究了SO42-浓度在100 mg/L的条件下,控制NH4+的投加量在不同N/S（NH4+-N/SO42-）浓度比下ASBR（Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor）反应器的运行效果及其脱氮性能。N/S从1.0增大到3.0时,ASBR中氨氮的平均去除率从78.5%增加到94.4%,但体系内SAD（Sulfur Autotrophic Denitrification）菌的丰度及活性未受到明显抑制,SRAO作用和ANAMMOX（Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation）作用始终是ASBR脱氮的主要途径。当N/S的浓度比由3增至4时,ASBR中氨氮的平均去除率由94.4%下降为69.2%。这表明随着N/S的增大,体系内ANAMMOX菌和SRAO菌活性的降低,抑制了体系脱氮性能。这时SAD菌的丰度及活性略有增加。硫的去除率随N/S比的变化趋势和总氮的去除规律类似,在N/S=3时达到最大74.2%。结合高通量测序结果,说明不同N/S下的脱氮微生物优势菌群会不断变化,改变体系脱氮除硫性能。     

供硫和丛枝菌根真菌对洋葱生长和品质的影响

以珍珠岩为植物的生长基质盆栽试验,分别供给0.1、1.75和4 mmol/L三个不同硫水平的Long Ashton营养液,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus versiform对洋葱（Allium cepa L.）生长和品质的影响。结果表明,接种丛枝菌根真菌显著的改善了宿主植物的磷营养水平,促进了洋葱的生长;而硫处理对洋葱生长的影响差异不显著,但随着供硫水平的提高植株地上部全硫含量和有机硫含量显著增加。接种菌根真菌对洋葱硫营养的影响受外界供硫水平的影响,在供硫0.1 mmol/L时降低了洋葱植株的硫含量;而在供硫1.75和4 mmol/L时显著改善了洋葱的硫营养状况,宿主植物的酶解丙酮酸（enzyme produced pyruvic acid, EPY）的含量也显著增加。说明丛枝菌根真菌能够帮助宿主植物吸收外界环境中硫营养成分,改善洋葱的硫营养状况及品质。