Contributions to the Analysis of Genotype × Environment Interactions: Theoretical Results of the Application and Comparison of Clustering Techniques for the Stratification of Field Test Sites

For an analysis of cross-classified data sets with rows = genotypes and columns = environments (locations and/or years), existing genotype × environment interactions are of major importance. Differential responses of genotypes (environments) across environments (genotypes) are expressed by these effects. To reduce the impact of these genotype × environment interaction effects, one commonly stratifies genotypes or environments by cluster analysis techniques into homogeneous groups so that interactions within groups are minimized. The present paper presents a comprehensive overview of the numerous procedures for stratification of genotypes or environments by cluster analysis which have been proposed in the literature. In these studies, two different concepts of interaction have been used: the crossover concept of interaction [different rank orders of genotypes (environments) within environments (genotypes)] or the usual statistical concept of interaction (deviations from additivity of main effects in the linear model). For a quantitative characterization of cluster techniques and for a comparison of two different clustering procedures, two parameters are introduced and discussed: measure of resemblance for two classifications and cluster size for one classification.     

四种鸢尾属植物种子休眠和萌发研究

燕子花(Iris laeviga ta)、玉蝉花(Iris ensa ta)、溪荪(Iris sanguinea)、黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)是鸢尾科4种喜水湿植物。经萌发实验证明,除溪荪种子没有休眠外,其它3种种子都有休眠。经去除种皮、低温沙藏、赤霉素处理和胚培养4种处理,证明燕子花、玉蝉花、黄菖蒲中抑制种子萌发的主要因素是胚乳。不同种打破休眠的有效方法不同,其中50 mg/L GA3处理可提高黄菖蒲种子的发芽率,达到84.4%,而低温沙藏30 d可使玉蝉花种子的发芽率达到94.4%,低温沙藏90 d则可提高燕子花的发芽率达到87.8%。     

棱角山矾种子的休眠与萌发初探

棱角山矾种壳占种子风干重90.19%,种子透水性良好.浓硫酸处理1.5小时后,可使种壳减轻9.48%.硫酸处理增强了种子的透气性并减弱了种壳机械束缚力.添加500mg·L-1GA3溶液,经过1～5 ℃16h及20 ℃8h变温砂藏三个月后,可获得44%出苗率,而对照种子则颗粒不发.     

基于有序聚类法的土壤水分剖面划分

【目的】研究有序聚类法在土壤水分剖面划分中的应用。【方法】在黄土高原丘陵区陕西省安塞县,以乔木林地、灌木林地、果园用地和天然草地等4种土地利用类型为研究对象,测定4种用地类型0~500 cm土层(每20 cm为1层,共25层)的土壤水分含量,然后采用有序聚类法对4种土地利用类型土壤水分剖面进行分层。【结果】从专业角度无法确定最优分类数K时,可以利用碎石图来确定,对全部样本进行分类并作碎石图可知,当K=4时,有序分割达到最优;对土地利用类型而言,土壤水分剖面总体可划分为水分弱利用层、根系集中层、强烈耗水层、水分调节层等4层,中间2层又可简单地归结为土壤水分利用层。【结论】基于有序聚类法划分的土壤水分剖面分层结果符合黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的土壤水分垂直分布实际,表明了该分层方法的合理性。     

黄土高原15种植物种子发芽的比较研究

[目的]为黄土高原植被的恢复建设提供科学依据。[方法]采用三因子两水平设计,比较研究了黄土高原15种常见植物种子在冷湿层化、光照和温度变幅及其交互作用下的萌发特性。[结果]冷湿层化、光照分别对7、10种植物的萌发率有显著的影响。温度变幅对8种植物的萌发率有显著影响,且高温变幅时植物有更高的萌发率。冷湿层化、光照和高温变幅交互作用时能提高狗尾草、冰草和醉马草的萌发率。冷湿层化、光照和温度变幅对芨芨草、打碗花和披针叶黄华的萌发率没有显著影响。[结论]冷湿层化、光照及温度变幅能够影响黄土高原植物种子的萌发率。     

Pedo‐ecological consequences of lithological discontinuities in soils—examples from Central Europe

Soil profiles having lithological discontinuities, i.e., stratified or layered profiles, occur worldwide. Their genesis as part of the upper‐regolith formation is comparatively well understood, particularly in Central Europe where extensive research on relic periglacial cover beds has been done. But the pedogenetic and ecological implications of lithologically discontinuous soils (LDS) are less well known. Most textbooks rely on the so‐called A‐B‐C‐model as a climate‐driven approach to soil formation. After reviewing definitions and concepts of lithological discontinuities and how they form, we present a pedogenetic model extending the traditional approach by considering substrate genesis and regolith dynamics. The consequences in the interpretation of vertical distributions of parameters of soil acidification and of heavy metals are investigated for typical soil profiles from the W Ore Mountains and the central‐German lowlands. Results show how lithological discontinuities influence the depth gradients and that properties inherited from substrate should be distinguished, if possible, from those developed by pedogenesis.     

Deriving river networks and catchments at the European scale from medium resolution digital elevation data

The extraction of drainage networks and catchment boundaries from digital elevation models (DEMs) has received considerable attention in recent years and is recognized as a viable alternative to traditional surveys and the manual evaluation of topographic maps. However, most studies have covered limited areas due to the lack of detailed information and/or the lack of highly efficient algorithms. In this paper we present an application that delineates river networks and catchment boundaries across the European continent from a medium resolution (250 m) DEM. We exploit novel algorithms based on the concepts of mathematical morphology and implement a landscape stratification for drainage density.A flow direction grid is computed using an efficient algorithm for the removal of spurious pits. River networks are then derived by imposing a variable threshold for the minimum contributing area needed to form and maintain a channel. This is achieved through a landscape stratification that reflects the ability of the terrain to develop different drainage densities. It is shown that the analysis of environmental characteristics coupled with the analysis of local slope versus contributing area enables river network mapping with a spatially varying drainage density. The result has been validated by comparing the derived data to digital river and catchment data from other sources and with varying scales of observation.     

白皮松营养袋育苗初报

通过对白皮松种子沙藏、雪藏及大棚内营养袋、只遮荫不覆膜营养袋和郁闭度0.5的林下营养袋育苗试验，找出适合太原地区的最佳种子处理办法和育苗方法。     

In vitro micrografting and its applications to fruit science

Improvements have been brought to in vitro micrografting. The breaking of dormancy by dipping the seeds of the rootstock in concentrated solutions of benzylaminopurine avoids having recourse to long stratification in the cold (60–120 days according to species). The initial pre-treatment of apices with cytokinin allows their development and facilitates later grafting. Moreover, adding DIECA to the cut sections avoids oxidation and, together with the insertion of a piece of agar between apex and rootstock, increases the success of micrografting. Finally, a special technique of in vivo micrografting of pretreated apices on young plants has been developed.Micrografting is commonly used to obtain peach trees free of Sharka and NRS viruses, and to study incompatibility mechanisms in heterografts, leading to an early diagnosis of incompatibilities.