黄土半干旱区不同土壤水分条件下刺槐蒸腾速率的研究

2004年夏在山西方山北京林业大学试验基地,采用L I-1600稳态气孔仪,对不同土壤水分条件下盆栽刺槐的生理指标进行了观测。比较分析了不同水势梯度下、不同时间段刺槐蒸腾耗水速率的变化规律,结果表明:刺槐的蒸腾速率tη(μg/(s.cm2))与生理辐射强度I(μm ol/(s.m2))成幂函数关系;蒸腾速率tη(μg/s.cm2))、气孔阻力Rs/(s.cm2)和土壤体积含水量(W%)之间存在着密切的关系;蒸腾速率一般随光强的增强和土壤水分的提高而增大,刺槐蒸腾速率与土壤水分含量的相关系数平均可达0.882 5。通过研究不同土壤水分条件下刺槐蒸腾速率的差异,提出了刺槐水分利用效率的合理供水范围在10%~15%之间,为干旱半干旱地区提高林木的水分利用效率提供了理论依据。     

Stomatal and Non-stomatal Effects of Salinity on Photosynthesis in Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)

The effect of salinity (40 and 80 meq/1 NaCl) on stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, ultrastructural damage and photosynthetic performance of six cultivars of faba beans ( Vicia faba L.) from different agroclimatic regions were investigated. Low levels of salinity (40 meq/1 NaCl) increased chlorophyll content in some cultivars but did not lead to simultaneous increase in photosynthesis (P). Increased salinity levels (80 meq/1 NaCl) decreased chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance. Ultrastructural damage was observed in sensitive cultivars even at low salinity levels. Based on the parameters investigated, there was no concrete evidence to suggest that the physiological processes of cultivars from arid and semi-arid regions are less affected under saline conditions as compared to cultivars from temperate regions. The results suggested increased salinity affects P not only due to its effect on stomatal closure but also due to other non-stomatal effects like ultrastructural damage and decrease in chlorophyll content below a threshold level.     

Genotypic Variation of Stomatal Conductance in Relation to Stomatal Density and Length in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Stomatal conductance (g_s) is an important trait responsible for the genotypic difference in gas diffusion for photosynthesis and transpiration in rice (Oryza sativa L.). We measured g_s, stomatal density and stomatal length (guard-cell length) at two weeks before heading for 64 accessions from a rice diversity research set of germplasm (RDRS) and for three high-yielding cultivars (HYC) under field conditions. Considerable variations in g_s, and stomatal length were observed among varieties in RDRS, and it was considered that RDRS covers the species diversity of the stomatal characteristics in rice. When it was compared among the varieties with similar plant earliness, g_s was higher in HYC than in most varieties of RDRS. Stomatal density did not correlate with g_s, and there was a negative correlation between stomatal density and stomatal length. However, noticeable variance existed in the latter relation, where HYC exhibited a higher stomatal density and slightly shorter stomatal length than RDRS. High g_s in HYC is attributable to their high stomatal density and moderate specific stomatal conductance (g_s / stomatal density) while the high-g_s varieties in RDRS tended to have a lower stomatal density and higher specific stomatal conductance. Stomatal length is related to specific stomatal conductance, but there are remarkable differences between these traits. Specific stomatal conductance in HYC has not reached the upper limit for their stomatal size, which raises a possibility of further improvement of HYC in g_s.     

Diurnal and seasonal patterns of leaf gas exchange in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) growing in a subtropical climate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal and diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) plants grown in an irrigated lawn. Carbon dioxide assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature and leaf‐to‐air vapour pressure difference were measured during the daylight period from April 2003 to March 2004. The monitored environmental variables were photosynthetic photon flux density, air temperature, air relative humidity, photoperiod and sunshine rate. Factor and cluster analyses were used to select variables and to group months with similar physiological and meteorological characteristics, and three distinct periods were identified: (i) May to July: with low energetic availability, low leaf temperatures and low photosynthetic activity; (ii) September to January: with high energetic availability, high leaf temperatures and high photosynthetic activity; and (iii) April–March–August: a transient period with environmental and physiological characteristics showing intermediate values. The reduced plant development and growth during the winter season was in accordance to the lower photosynthetic activity recorded from June to August, this variable being a potential indicator of reduced phytomass production. The relationships between leaf gas exchange and seasonal growth are discussed.     

Influence of irrigation regimes on growth and yield of potato cv. Spunta

Summary The effect of furrow and drip irrigation giving 0, 33, 66, 100 and 133% of the maximum evapotranspiration (ETM) was studied on leaf transpiration, stomatal resistance, tuber growth, yield and yield response of cv. Spunta. The research was carried out in Sicily in 1988 and 1989 on early potato crops grown during the winter/spring cycle. Increased water supply increased leaf transpiration, plant fresh weight, tuber growth rate, yield and earliness, and decreased stomatal resistance and tuber dry weight. A higher yield response was obtained at the lower water regimes (ETM of 33 and 66%). There were no significant differences between the two methods of irrigation.     

栓皮栎对CO2增长的生理生态响应

通过对 5 0年生栓皮栎天然次生林叶片的活体测定 ,研究了CO2 浓度增长对栓皮栎林光合生理生态特性的影响 .结果如下 :CO2 浓度为 80 0 μmolCO2 ·mol- 1 时栓皮栎叶片的净光合速率比在正常大气CO2 条件下提高 42 .5 3 % ,同时光补偿点降低 ,光饱和点提高 ,光量子效率提高 ;CO2 浓度为 80 0 μmolCO2 ·mol- 1 时 ,栓皮栎净光合速率的日变化为单峰曲线 ,而CO2 浓度为40 0 μmolCO2 mol- 1 时 ,净光合作用的日变化为双峰曲线 ;CO2 浓度倍增 ,栓皮栎叶片的气孔导度 ,蒸腾速率和暗呼吸速率降低 ,水分利用效率显著提高 .栓皮栎叶片对CO2 增长的反应 ,对其生长是有利的 ,对全球CO2 浓度增长起到反馈调节作用 .     

Compensatory Growth Responses During Reproductive Phase of Cowpea after Relief of Water Stress

Unpredictable drought affects growth and yield of dryland cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) during rainy season. With the objective of identifying compensatory growth responses after relief of water stress, pot-grown plants (cv. C-752) were water-stressed at flowering, and physiological responses, short term dry matter partitioning upon relief of water stress, and productivity at maturity were studied. Water stress decreased, to varying degrees, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate. Recovery in assimilation lagged behind that in water relations. Assimilate supply seemed to be limiting early pod growth upon relief of water stress due to low photosynthesis rate, reduced leaf area per pod, and increased partitioning to leaf expansion. However, later pod growth was not limited by assimilate supply and final dry matter per pod was similar in both non-stressed and stress-affected plant. Cowpea exhibited the following growth responses during pod-fill stage upon relief of water stress: 1. increase in leaf area, 2. shift in dry matter partitioning in favour of leaf expansion, 3. extended green leaf duration, and 4. increase in pod number. These partially compensating physiological responses probably ensure reasonable productivity of dryland cowpea during rainy season.     

水分胁迫下脱落酸的产生、作用机制及应用研究进展

利用现有文献，简要介绍了脱落酸的产生、对植物地上和地下部分的影响，脱落酸（ABA）作用的部分作用机制以及脱落酸理论研究应用的各方面进展。     

油料植物红皮糙果茶与油茶叶片光合特性研究

为探明油料植物红皮糙果茶（Camellia crapnelliana Tutcher）光合作用日变化体征,为其科学栽培提供理论依据, 采用Licor-6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定红皮糙果茶和油茶（Camellia oleifera L.）的光合生理特性及环境因子的日变化,并进行分析研究。结果表明,在晴天条件下红皮糙果茶净光合速率曲线呈双峰状,自9:10至13:10期间有一个长达4 h的高效光合平台期（19.7～20.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）,最大值为20.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。气孔导度日变化与油茶相似呈单峰曲线于13:10达到峰值0.22 mmol·m^-2·s^-1,但其蒸腾速率整体高于油茶。油茶无明显光合“午休”现象,净光合速率最大值出现在中午11:10,为20.1 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。相比之下红皮糙果茶光合作用时间较长,总光合产率较高。     

甲醛胁迫下蚕豆保卫细胞中过氧化氢的积累及其对气孔导度和开度的影响

以蚕豆为试材,对甲醛(HCHO)处理0、24、48、72 h的蚕豆叶片进行气孔开度、导度、细胞内H2O2含量和抗氧化酶活性的测定,并用荧光显微检测法进行了H2O2的亚细胞定位检测。结果表明:气体HCHO处理的72 h内,由于蚕豆叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性从284.52 U·min-1·g-1 FW升至291.44 U·min-1·g-1 FW,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性先升高后降低,导致蚕豆叶片中H2O2含量从1.31μmol·g-1 FW升至2.39μmol·g-1 FW;较短时间(24~48 h)的HCHO处理下蚕豆叶片H2O2主要分布在保卫细胞的胞质中,72 h后不仅保卫细胞的胞质中H2O2积累增多,积累H2O2的叶绿体数量也增多;HCHO持续处理72 h内蚕豆叶片气孔开度和导度分别下降46.50%和78.80%,涂抹抗坏血酸(ASA)的实验证实,H2O2对蚕豆叶片气孔开度和导度的调节起到关键作用。研究认为,0.46~0.72 mg·m-3的HCHO胁迫致使蚕豆叶片中积累的H2O2定位于保卫细胞,是蚕豆叶片气孔开度减小和导度降低的主要原因。