Growth and Eco-Physiological Performance of Cotton Under Water Stress Conditions

A cotton cultivar Xinluzao 8 was grown under four levels of water stress treatments （normal irrigation, slight, mild and severe water stress） from the initial reproductive growth stage in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China, in 2002, to evaluate the growth and eco-physiological performances. Under water stress conditions, the transpiration ability decreased while the leaf temperature increased. Although the relative leaf water content decreased as water stress increased, the differences among the treatments were small, indicating that cotton has high ability in maintaining water in leaf. The stomatal density increased as water stress increased, while the maximum stomatal aperture reduced only in the severest stressed plants. The time of the maximum stomatal aperture was delayed in the mild and severe stressed plants. When severe stress occurred, the stomata were kept open until the transpiration decreased to nearly zero, suggesting that the stomata might not be the main factor in adjusting transpiration in cotton. Cotton plant has high adaptation ability to water stress conditions because of decrease in both stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductance from soil-to-leaf pathway. The actual quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ （PS Ⅱ） decreased under water stress conditions, while the maximum quantum yield of PS Ⅱ did not vary among treatments, suggesting that PS II would not be damaged by water stress. The total dry weight reduced as water stress increased.     

土壤含水量对枣幼树生长及水分生理指标的影响

本试验研究了不同土壤相对含水量(30％-100％)对金丝小枣盆栽幼树生长、叶片组织含水量、蒸腾强度、气孔扩散阻力的影响。初步确定适宜金丝小枣生长的土壤相对含水量为70％。结果还表明,土壤水分严重亏缺时,叶片组织含水量减少,叶片气孔扩散阻力明显增大,蒸腾强度显著降低。气孔扩散阻力与蒸腾强度呈负相关。但当土壤相对含水量在较高范围内(50-100％)变化时,对叶片组织含水量、蒸腾强度和气孔扩散阻力影响不大。     

保卫细胞液泡内pH调节的可逆解聚聚合颗粒物性质初探

为研究保卫细胞液泡(GCV)的pH在气孔保卫细胞渗透调节中的作用及蚕豆(Vicia faba)叶片气孔GCV中的颗粒物的性质,本实验采用激光共聚焦显微术配合pH荧光探针BCECF AM的荧光比值法对ABA诱导的气孔关闭过程进行观测,发现:蚕豆气孔关闭过程中GCV的pH升高约0.5(pH5.3→5.8)。分别用pH5.3和5.8的Mes/Tris缓冲液调控离体开放态GCV的pH,透射电镜(4×104倍)观察负染片说明:pH 5.3对开放态GCV液所含颗粒物的线度及分布密度无实质影响;而pH 5.8的处理使取自开放态GCV液所含颗粒物的线度明显增大、分布密度显著减小;非特异性蛋白酶Proteinase K处理可使GCV中的颗粒物消失。基于GCV内颗粒物的线度、形状及对pH调控和对Proteinase K处理的响应,推测此种颗粒物是蛋白质。     

水分胁迫下磷营养对玉米苗期根系导水率的影响

采用室内水培试验法 ,选择高水肥型玉米品种 ,以 PEG6 0 0 0模拟干旱胁迫 ,Hoagland全营养液和无磷营养液控制磷素水平 ,用压力室法测定了三叶期的玉米根系导水率 (L pr)的变化规律。结果表明 :缺磷植株根系的导水率显著降低 ,但在复磷后 4～ 2 4 h内导水率能恢复到与供磷对照植株接近的数值 ;干旱胁迫可导致玉米根系导水率急剧降低 ,但供磷处理的导水率仍然大于无磷处理 ;复水后 ,供磷植株 Lpr 恢复能力较无磷植株强 ,表明磷处理植株对干旱有较强的忍受能力和恢复能力。 Hg Cl2 处理表明磷营养可通过影响水通道蛋白的活性或表达量来调节根系导水率。     

水分胁迫对番茄叶片气孔传导及光合色素的影响

以栽培番茄品种AilsaCraig的6叶期幼苗为试验材料,在水培条件下研究了50,75和100g/LPEG水分胁迫对叶片气孔传导、光合色素含量及发叶速度的影响。结果表明,水分胁迫使气孔传导度和发叶速度降低,光合色素增加。气孔传导度和发叶速度的降低均与水分胁迫强度和持续时间有关,而光合色素的增加主要与胁迫持续时间有关。     

Effect of different drip irrigation methods and fertilization on growth,physiology and water use of young apple tree

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three drip irrigation methods (i.e. conventional drip irrigation (CDI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated with full watering, alternate drip irrigation (ADI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated alternatively with half of the full watering, and fixed drip irrigation (FDI), only one side of the root-zone irrigated with half of the full watering) on growth, physiology, root hydraulic conductance and water use of young apple tree under different nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) fertilization (i.e. CK (no fertilization), N₁ (0.2 g N/kg), N₂ (0.4 g N/kg), P₁ (0.2 g P₂O₅/kg) and P₂ (0.4 g P₂O₅/kg)). Results show that compared to CDI, ADI and FDI reduced mean root dry mass, daily transpiration, root hydraulic conductance (K_r), leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of young apple tree by 6.9 and 27.7, 29.3 and 45.0, 6.8 and 37.9, 2.5 and 4.8, 32.6 and 33.0, 22.1 and 22.3%, but increased leaf water use efficiency (WUE) by 31.3 and 29.8%, respectively when they saved irrigation water by 50%. Compared to the CK, N or P fertilization significantly increased K_r, and K_r was increased with the increased N or P fertilization level. There were parabolic correlations between K_r and root dry mass, daily transpiration and stomatal conductance. Our results indicate that ADI reduced transpiration rate significantly, but it did not reduce photosynthesis rate and K_r significantly, thus alternate drip irrigation improved WUE and the regulation ability of water balance in plants.     

Short-term effects of de-oiled olive pomace mulching application on a young super high-density olive orchard

A two-year field experiment was performed in order to evaluate the suitability of de-oiled olive pomace for soil management in a young super high-density olive orchard. In the literature there are not works on this topic.     

Response of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to mulching practices under planted greenhouse condition

Mulch is considered a desirable management technology for conserving soil moisture, improving soil temperature and soil quality. This study aimed to investigate soil conditions and hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) performance in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity, fruit yield and quality, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under such practices in greenhouse condition. A field experiment across 3 years was carried out with four types of mulch (without mulch [CK], wheat straw mulch [SM], plastic film mulch [FM], and combined mulch with plastic film and wheat straw [CM]). Mulch could improve soil physical properties regardless of mulch materials. FM and CM treatments improved soil moistures status and soil temperature in comparison to CK control, while SM increased soil water content and decreased soil temperature. Mulch increased leaf net photosynthesis rate (P_N), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (E), but declined instant water use efficiency (WUEi). No significant effect of mulch application on chlorophyll fluorescence was existent for the entire growth season. Fruit yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) showed some increment under all the mulch conditions. Compared to CK, the yield was enhanced by 82.3%, 65.0%, and 111.5% in 2008; 38.1%, 17.4%, and 46.5% in 2009; and 14.3%, 6.5%, and 19.6% in 2010 under SM, FM, and CM conditions, respectively. Although FM produced better fruit quality than other treatments, CM is the recommended practice for hot pepper cultivation in greenhouse condition due to working well to facilitate soil condition (moisture and temperature), plant growth, and marketable yield.     

温室番茄叶片生理指标日变化特性及其与生态因子的关系

以温室春-夏季番茄为试验材料,采用小区试验方法,探讨了花果期和盛果期不同土壤水分条件下番茄叶片生理指标日变化特性、水分利用效率WUEL及生态因子间相关性。结果表明,番茄不同生育期生理指标日变化峰值时间不同;日均气孔导度、蒸腾速率随土壤水分的增加而变大,而日均光合速率最大值出现在70%土壤相对含水率的处理;两生育期蒸腾速率和光合速率受气孔调节的效应明显。在试验范围内,土壤水分越低,WUEL越高,番茄花果期WUEL较大。光合有效辐射是影响叶片光合速率重要生态因子。     

十个芍药品种气孔特性研究

选取10个品种的芍药作为研究对象,观察芍药叶片气孔的形态、分布规律,并对其气孔大小、气孔长宽比、表皮细胞密度、气孔密度及气孔指数等进行品种间比较及差异分析.结果表明:10个品种的芍药叶片气孔形态及分布规律一致.各项指标的品种内变异系数均较小.4个品种(1、2、8、9)的4项指标(气孔长度、宽度、长宽比及气孔指数)均没有差异.2个品种(1、9)的5项指标(气孔长度、宽度、长宽比、气孔密度及气孔指数)均没有差异.各项指标相比较,气孔宽度和气孔指数在各品种间变化较小.气孔密度与气孔长度呈反相关.结果不支持将气孔长度、宽度、气孔长宽比、气孔密度、气孔指数及表皮细胞密度作为芍药种或品种分类的依据.