不同基因型啤酒大麦冠层光合生理特性的差异

为给啤酒大麦高光效育种及高产栽培提供理论依据,采用便携式光合分析系统测定和分析了不同基因型啤酒大麦冠层光合生理指标的变化。结果表明,从孕穗期到灌浆末期,基因型间光合速率(Pn)差异都达极显著水平(P<0.01),冠层光合速率阶段变化与产量呈现一定的正相关关系。各次测定Pn与蒸腾速率(Tr)无一致性表现。从抽穗开花期开始,基因型间Tr差异达到极显著水平。从挑旗期开始,基因型间气孔导度(Gs)都表现出极显著差异,并且与Pn保持相对的一致性。从孕穗期至灌浆末期,Pn一直较高的基因型,产量也相对较高,表现最突出的是引自欧美的主栽品种MERIT、Z090M066M和SCARLETT,其Pn分别较平均光合速率高9.70%、8.85%和10.14%,产量分别高8.24%、7.30%和6.63%。     

水分胁迫对番茄幼苗生理特性的影响

为了探讨番茄苗期生理特性在水分胁迫胁迫下的响应,试验设置充分灌溉的对照(T)和轻度(T1)、中度(T2)、重度(T3)水分胁迫处理.在试验开始的第5,10,15和20 d,测定各处理番茄幼苗的叶绿素荧光参数、气孔特征及抗氧化酶等指标.与对照相比,不同程度水分胁迫条件下,随胁迫程度的增大,各处理番茄幼苗的PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学淬灭(qP)及电子传递速率(ETR)均有所下降,且由大到小基本表现为T,T1,T2,T3;处理T1,T2和T3的气孔密度、长度及宽度均有所减小,重度水分胁迫条件下,气孔关闭;叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性随着水分胁迫的加重而增加.轻度水分胁迫番茄幼苗各生理指标与对照差异较小,故可在番茄苗期进行50%~60%田间持水量的参考灌溉制度.     

Growth and Physiological Performance of Aerobic and Lowland Rice as Affected by Water Stress at Selected Growth Stages

Aerobic rice technology is still new in Malaysia, and information regarding MARDI Aerob 1 (MA1), the first local aerobic rice variety, is still lacking. Therefore, comparative studies were carried out to determine the physiological performance of aerobic rice variety MA1 and lowland rice variety MR253 under water stress given at the panicle initiation, flowering and ripening stages. This experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design. Stomatal conductance (g_s), chlorophyll a fluorescence (F_v/F_m), leaf relative water content (leaf RWC), and soil moisture content (SMC) as well as yield component parameters such as panicle number, grain yield and 100-grain weight were measured. Results revealed that g_s and leaf RWC for both varieties decreased with depletion of SMC. The correlation study between the physiological parameters and SMC indicated that F_v/F_m was not affected by water stress, regardless of varieties. The yield components (panicle number, grain yield and 100-grain weight) for both varieties greatly decreased when water stress was imposed at the panicle initiation stage. This study showed that the panicle initiation period was the most sensitive stage to water stress that contributed to a substantial reduction in yield for both varieties. Under the aerobic condition (control), MR253 produced higher panicle number, 100-grain weight and yield than MA1. Although MR253 is bred for lowland, it is well adapted to aerobic condition.     

Charcoal production through selective logging leads to degradation of dry woodlands:a case study from Mutomo District,Kenya

Provision of woodfuel is an important ecosystem service of dry forests and woodlands.However,charcoal production through selective logging of preferred hardwood species has the potential to alter the physiognomic composition of the residual or re-growth woodlands and may lead to their deterioration and degradation.This study,conducted through forest inventory in Mutomo District in Kenya,assessed the impact of charcoal production on unprotected dry woodlands in terms of tree density,targeted species basal area,species richness,evenness and Shannon diversity.The parameters of the disturbed woodlands were evaluated for significant differences with those of the neighbouring protected Tsavo East National Park,which served as a reference for an ecologically undisturbed ecosystem.By evaluating a consequence of tree harvesting for charcoal production,this study confirmed the overall significant differences between the protected and unprotected woodlands in all the tested parameters.To confirm if the differences in the land-covers of the woodlands had any influence on their degradation,all mentioned parameters were compared between the four differentiated classes and their respective control plots in the protected areas.At the "land-cover level",the statistically significant difference in the basal area of tree species preferred for charcoal production between the protected and unprotected open trees confirms that the class with a high density of large mature trees is the prime target of charcoal producers.In addition,there seems to be a general trend of lower values of tree species richness,evenness and Shannon diversity for the unprotected woodlands subjected to charcoal production.On the other hand,the disturbed woodlands display the potential to recover through their comparably high saplings density.The findings make an important contribution to the discourse on the impact of charcoal production in dry woodlands,a topic that is highly controversial among researchers.     

春玉米苗期光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度对土壤干旱的反应

为深入探索东北地区土壤水分含量变化对春玉米光合作用、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的影响,揭示玉米苗期干旱减产的生理机制,2010年春季在东北地区中部开展分期播种与土壤水分处理试验,进行土壤湿度、玉米苗情、净光合速率(NPn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)等观测,分析它们之间的关系。结果表明,春玉米苗期叶片NPn、Tr和Gs与土壤水分变化之间分别呈二次函数关系,0~20 cm深土壤湿度在19.5%以上时,玉米叶片气孔导度大,光合作用和蒸腾作用旺盛;土壤湿度在19.0%以下,随着土壤湿度下降,NPn和Tr近于线性下降,土壤湿度每降低1个百分点,NPn和Tr分别下降1.6 μmol/(m2.s)和0.5 mol/(m2?s)。玉米叶片Tr和Gs与NPn的关系为线性函数,Gs和Tr每降低1 mol/(m2?s)和1 mmol/(m2?s),NPn分别下降0.89和3.09 μmol/(m2?s)。玉米苗在干旱胁迫下气孔关闭,蒸腾作用减弱,使光合速率快速下降,进而抑制玉米营养生长,最终导致减产。     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

Automated measurement of canopy stomatal conductance based on infrared temperature

Decreased water uptake closes stomates, which reduces transpiration and increases leaf temperature. The leaf or canopy temperature has long been used to make an empirical estimate of plant water stress. However, with a few supplemental measurements and application of biophysical principles, infrared measurement of canopy temperature can be used to calculate canopy stomatal conductance (g_C), a physiological variable derived from the energy balance for a plant canopy. Calculation of g_C requires an accurate measurement of canopy temperature and an estimate of plant height, but all of the other measurements are available on automated weather stations. Canopy stomatal conductance provides a field-scale measurement of daily and seasonal stomatal response to prevailing soil water and atmospheric conditions, and facilitates a comparison of models that scale conductance from single leaves (measured with porometers) to canopies. A sensitivity analysis of the input measurements/estimates showed g_C is highly sensitive to small changes in canopy and air temperature, and less sensitive to the other required measurements (relative humidity, net radiation, wind speed, and plant canopy height). The measurement of g_C becomes increasingly sensitive to all of the component factors as the conditions become cloudier, cooler, and more humid. We determined g_C for alfalfa and turfgrass by making the necessary environmental measurements and coupling them with a two-source (plant canopy layer and soil layer) energy balance model. We then compared these g_C values to maximum single leaf values scaled-up to the canopy level (g_CP, defined as potential canopy stomatal conductance herein) for the two crops. For both crops, g_C matched g_CP within approximately 10% after irrigation. The turfgrass g_C measurements were also compared to mean single leaf values measured with a porometer. At mid-day, g_C values were typically about double the single leaf values. Because this approach for determining g_C allows continuous, non-contact measurement, it has considerable potential for coupling with measurements of soil moisture to better understand plant–soil water relations. It also has potential for use in precision drought stress and irrigation scheduling.     

高粉与低粉木薯品种叶片光合作用日变化及淀粉积累的研究

为了阐明高粉和低粉木薯叶片光合作用及淀粉累积的日变化规律,以高粉木薯品种‘辐选01’和低粉品种‘华南124’苗期叶片为对象,对叶片光合作用的日变化、叶片中的可溶性糖（葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖）及总糖、淀粉含量、气孔密度等进行比较研究。结果表明：随着光强的增加,高粉品种‘辐选01’的光合速率较低粉品种‘华南124’高;且‘辐选01’叶片上表皮与下表皮的气孔密度都显著高于‘华南124’;2个木薯品种叶片中蔗糖、可溶性总糖含量在一天中是不断积累、逐渐增加的。在一天当中,木薯叶片中淀粉含量在18:00时达到最高。而高粉品种‘辐选01’的光合作用能力在一天当中与低粉品种‘华南124’存在较大差异,在8:00—14:00之间,‘辐选01’的光合作用能力与糖分积累较‘华南124’高,而在16:00—18:00之间,‘华南124’的光合作用能力与糖分积累较高,这可能与午后温室温度上升引起叶片温度过高,叶绿体活性与Rubisico活性降低、RuBP羧化酶再生能力降低导致了‘辐选01’的光合作用能力比‘华南124’的低。     

美洲黑杨与大青杨杂种叶片气孔导度的红外热像测量方法研究

为了研究红外热像技术在测量叶片气孔导度的应用上的可行性,以美洲黑杨与大青杨杂种(Populus deltoids Bartr.×Populus ussuriensis Kom.)为材料,在正常灌溉和干旱胁迫的对比下,利用红外热像仪考察了叶片的气孔导度Gs的日变化,根据叶片能量平衡方程分析了气孔导度与温度之间的关系,并采用便携式光合测量系统验证了红外热像测量气孔导度的准确性。结果表明：在2种水分处理条件下,叶片的气孔导度值均呈双峰曲线,峰值出现在10:00和14:00,正常灌溉和干旱条件下的峰值分别为120 mmol/(m2?s)、70 mmol/(m2?s)和80 mmol/(m2?s)、40 mmol/(m2?s);气孔导度与温度的响应呈反比趋势;气孔导度的模型计算值与实际测量值之间的关系呈线性相关,正常灌溉和干旱状态下的相关系数分别为0.8678、0.8347;气孔导度相关指数IG和水分胁迫指数CWSI分别与测量得到的气孔导度呈正比、反比的趋势。总之,与传统的利用便携式光合仪测定气孔导度相比,利用红外热像技术测量更便捷、准确,且适用性更加广泛,本研究为今后利用红外热像测量气孔导度奠定了理论基础。