Differentiating A and B groups of Leptosphaeria maculans, causal agent of stem canker (blackleg) of oilseed rape

Stem canker or blackleg of brassicas, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans , is one of the most damaging diseases of winter oilseed rape in the UK. Airborne ascospores, released in autumn and winter, initiate leaf infections which may lead to colonization of the petiole and, later in the season, formation of stem lesions and cankers. Although isolates of the pathogen differ in ability to cause damaging stem cankers, this is not readily apparent from leaf spotting or stem lesion symptoms. However, several cultural, biochemical and genetic characteristics appear to be associated with the ability to form damaging stem cankers and isolates can be assigned to one of two groups, termed A and B, on the basis of differences in these characteristics. To investigate the relationship between leaf spotting symptoms and subsequent stem canker formation, and to improve understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen, it is desirable to differentiate between the stem canker forming A group and the less damaging B group of L. maculans . Characterization of isolate type is also important in seed testing and crop breeding programs, particularly in countries such as Canada and Poland where the A type is not ubiquitous. This article reviews methods, including plant assays, assessments of growth characteristics in vitro , isozyme analyses, secondary metabolite profiling, serology, and nucleic acid analyses, that can be used to differentiate the A and B groups.     

Dynamics of soilborne Rhizoctonia solani in the presence of Trichoderma harzianum: effects on stem canker, black scurf and progeny tubers of potato

Stem canker and black scurf are diseases of potato caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani . Spatiotemporal experimentation and empirical modelling were applied for the first time to investigate the effect of antagonistic Trichoderma harzianum on the dynamics of soilborne R. solani on individual potato plants. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of symptoms, expressed as 'rhizoctonia stem lesion index' (RSI), during the first 7 days post-inoculation when the inoculum of R. solani was placed at certain distances (30–60 mm) from the host. For example, with inoculum at 40 mm from the host, RSI was 6 and 40 with and without T. harzianum , respectively. At later observation times, the antagonistic effect was overcome. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of black scurf on progeny tubers. Furthermore, the mean number of progeny tubers per potato plant was reduced by the biocontrol treatment (means of 6·5 ± 1·1 and 9·9 ± 2·7 tubers per plant with and without T. harzianum , respectively), as was the proportion of small (0·1–20·0 g) tubers (48% and 66% with and without T. harzianum , respectively). Additionally, there were fewer malformed and green-coloured tubers in pots treated with T. harzianum than in those without T. harzianum .     

水稻秧池一代二化螟卵量与秧苗叶龄关系及其应用

以水稻秧池秧苗叶龄与当时田间一代二化螟累计卵量占全代卵量的百分率为相关因子,建立直线回归预测式,其相关达极显著水平。由此预测一代二化螟发生趋势,方法简便,准确性高,并揭示出秧池一代二化螟累计卵量与秧苗叶龄关系的规律,从而提出了防治工作“两查两定”的新方法。     

侵染梨的苹果茎痘病毒基因组序列及小RNA分析

苹果茎痘病毒(Apple stem pitting virus,ASPV)是危害梨(Pyrus spp.)和苹果(Malus spp.)的重要病毒。本研究采用小RNA深度测序技术获得了ASPV基因组的部分序列,在此基础上设计引物对该病毒基因组进行RT-PCR扩增,通过序列拼接得到1个来源于玉露香(Yuluxiang)梨的ASPV分离物(YLX)长度为9 291个核苷酸(nt)(不包括基因组5'末端约30个核苷酸)的基因组序列,该序列与已报道的13个ASPV分离物的基因组核苷酸序列相似性为71.6%~80.7%,与多个来自苹果的ASPV分离物系统进化关系较近。首次分析了来源于ASPV基因组的干扰性小RNA(siRNA),发现来源于ASPV基因组链和互补链的siRNA长度均以21 nt和22 nt为主,siRNA的5'端具有一定的碱基偏好性。本研究结果为深入了解ASPV的分子特性提供了重要信息。     

杉木无性系扦插繁殖生根机理

杉木穗条不定根的发生属于诱性根原始体型。不定根发生部位有两种类型：皮层生根型和混合生根型，但以皮层生根型为主。不同无性系开始发根时间有显著差异。在观察期内，发根最早的无性系生根时间为２３ｄ。     

木立芦荟和三角芦荟的组织培养和低成本快繁

以MS+BA3+NAA0.2和MS+BA4+NAA0.2分别为木立芦荟(AloearborescensMill)和三角芦荟(AloemitriformisMill)的诱导培养基.1/2MS+BA2+NAA0.2和MS+BA3+NAA0.2分别为两种芦荟的增殖培养基,对茎段、茎尖和吸芽进行离体培养.以4周为一个继代周期,每周期可增殖6～8倍,现已经过26个继代周期,一个外植体每年可增殖至813个芽苗.为减轻褐化,降低温度至22℃、光照强度800lx,附加活性炭3～5g@L-1.用白糖替代蔗糖,自来水替代蒸馏水,果酱瓶替代三角瓶,既不影响培养效果又可降低生产成本.     

动物乳腺干细胞的研究进展

乳腺干细胞具有产生所有类型乳腺细胞的能力。在乳腺组织生长发育过程中,乳腺干细胞对于动物青春期、妊娠期、泌乳期和泌乳衰退期的乳腺生长与重建等具有重要意义。体外培养的乳腺干细胞是研究乳腺细胞增殖、分化、生存和凋亡等信号通路的理想模型,同时在转基因乳腺生物反应器方面也具有重要的应用前景。因此,乳腺干细胞的研究对于乳腺发育的认知,乳腺癌的治疗及农业生产具有重要意义。作者针对乳腺干细胞的筛选、定位和体外培养方法的研究现状进行了系统的综述,并对未来的研究方向与应用前景加以展望。     

吊石苣苔扦插繁殖研究

以健壮的吊石苣苔带芽茎段为插穗,研究不同基质、激素及激素浓度对吊石苣苔扦插的影响,以筛选出适合吊石苣苔扦插繁殖的最佳基质及处理方法。结果表明:混合基质成活率最高,达到61.1%,且生根量多;用6-BA处理成活率为62.2%,用NAA处理成活率为48.9%;2种激素中都以0.1g/L的处理浓度效果最好,成活率分别为71.1%和60%。将吊石苣苔健壮茎段用0.1g/L的6-BA处理后扦插在混合基质中繁殖效果最好。     

性成熟前小鼠生精细胞的发育过程

用光镜、电镜观察了生后 1～ 1 8d昆明白小鼠的生精上皮。结果显示 ,生后 1～ 3 d,曲细精管内只有生殖母细胞和支持细胞 2类形态结构截然不同的细胞 ,前者位于管中部 ;生后 4～ 5d,少数生殖母细胞已附着在基膜上 ;生后 6～ 7d,原始 A型精原细胞大量出现并附着在基膜上 ;生后 8d,A型精原干细胞大量出现 ,B型精原细胞开始出现 ;生后 1 0 d,B型精原细胞大量出现 ;生后 1 2～ 1 3 d,前初级精母细胞出现 ,少数曲细精管的管腔开始出现 ;生后 1 4～ 1 5d,多数曲细精管管腔基本形成 ,前初级精母细胞大量出现。本试验的结果表明 ,7～ 8d小鼠的睾丸最适于分离精原干细胞     

牧草种质资源繁殖更新技术规程

依照《农作物种质资源整理技术规程》,结合国家种质牧草中期库和多年生牧草圃在牧草种质资源繁殖更新技术方面取得的丰富经验,并针对存在问题制定“牧草种质资源繁殖更新技术规程”,使得牧草种质资源进行更科学的繁殖更新,为遗传完整且稳定的活种质的保存和利用提供依据。