营林卫生伐防控松墨天牛传播松材线虫病研究

通过采用营林卫生伐措施,清理遭受病虫危害的松树病枯死树、衰弱木、被压木、枯枝等,分析比较长年清理、集中清理和不清理等不同处理方式对松墨天牛成虫种群数量动态和松病枯死树数量变化情况。结果表明：经3年的处理,3种处理方式对松墨天牛成虫种群数量动态和松病枯死树数量变化差异明显。松墨天牛成虫虫口减退率和防治效果分别为：长年清理为94.09%和94.62%、集中清理为52.82%和57.03%,不清理（CK）天牛成虫虫口数量增加9.91%;松病枯死树减退率和防治效果分别为：长年清理为100%和100%、集中清理为69.28%和86.53%,不清理（CK）松病枯死树数量增加128.02%。     

江西九连山银钟花生长过程分析

为了解银钟花自然生长状况,揭示其自然生长过程,采用54年生的银钟花Halesia macgregorii树干解析数据,对江西九连山常绿阔叶林中银钟花树高、胸径、材积的生长过程进行分析。结果表明,5~10龄阶树高生长速度最快,15~35龄阶为胸径生长盛期,35龄阶进入材积生长盛期,树龄54年时,材积生长仍处生长盛期,平均生长量和连年生长量曲线未相交,林木尚未达到数量成熟阶段。银钟花自然生长较缓慢,种子发芽困难,天然生长的植株稀少,应开展人工繁育和回归自然与种群重建研究,人工辅助银钟花扩大种群数量。     

幼龄桉树茎流特征及其对环境因子的响应

旨在揭示幼龄桉树茎流速率变化特征及其与环境因子关系,为桉树人工林可持续经营与管理提供依据。于2014年6-9月利用Dynagage包裹式茎流传感器和DL2e环境因子测量系统对海南西部儋州林场幼龄桉树树液茎流及主要环境因子进行连续监测。结果表明,1）雨季幼龄桉树茎流速率具有“昼高夜低”的节律性,夜晚茎流速率都很小,约为日均值的0.10%~7.27%。2）晴天、阴天、雨天树液茎流速率差异明显,晴天的树液茎流速率峰值、日均值分别为13.861 mL·cm^-2·h^-1和2.349 mL·cm^-2·h^-1,是阴天的2.27倍和1.50倍,雨天的10.52倍和4.90倍。3）雨季幼龄桉树茎流速率与太阳辐射、空气湿度、空气温度等气象因子均具极显著的相关关系,而受土壤水分影响较小;晴天太阳辐射对茎流速率影响最大,阴天和雨天空气温度对茎流速率影响最大。液流速率与环境因子逐步回归分析结果表明,3种天气条件下的影响液流速率变化的主导因子不同。     

移动式枝桠材锯末机切削原理及力学分析

移动式枝桠材锯末机主要针对林间采伐以及城市园林修剪过程中遗留的树枝树叶等小径级枝桠材进行粉碎切削。通过对移动式枝桠材锯末机的切削原理进行分析,计算出主轴锯片的切削力F_u≈260 N,可以实现对小径级枝桠材的粉碎切削。同时找出底刀与锯片间的间隙、切削遇角θ等影响物料切削质量的主要影响因素,为整机设计提供理论依据。     

Evaluation of angler reporting accuracy in an off‐site survey to estimate statewide steelhead harvest

Accuracy of angler‐reported data on steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), harvest in Idaho, USA, was quantified by comparing data recorded on angler harvest permits to the numbers that the same group of anglers reported in an off‐site survey. Anglers could respond to the off‐site survey using mail or Internet; if they did not respond using these methods, they were called on the telephone. A majority of anglers responded through the mail, and the probability of responding by Internet decreased with increasing age of the respondent. The actual number of steelhead harvested did not appear to influence the response type. Anglers in the autumn 2012 survey overreported harvest by 24%, whereas anglers in the spring 2013 survey under‐reported steelhead harvest by 16%. The direction of reporting bias may have been a function of actual harvest, where anglers harvested on average 2.6 times more fish during the spring fishery than the autumn. Reporting bias that is a function of actual harvest can have substantial management and conservation implications because the fishery will be perceived to be performing better at lower harvest rates and worse when harvest rates are higher. Thus, these findings warrant consideration when designing surveys and evaluating management actions.     

非洲菊切花弯茎影响因素研究进展

非洲菊（Gerbera jamesonii）切花采后易出现弯茎现象,造成瓶插寿命缩短,观赏价值下降。非洲菊弯茎的发生受到其内在因素和外界环境的综合调控。从非洲菊花茎组织结构、物质代谢、导管堵塞、植物激素等方面对弯茎影响因素进行了综述,并在此基础上对进一步探讨弯茎影响因素之间的联系及其分子调控机制提出了展望。     

Resistance to a highly aggressive isolate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a Brassica napus diversity set

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) of oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a serious problem in the UK and worldwide. As fungicide‐based control approaches are not always reliable, identifying host resistance is a desirable and sustainable approach to disease management. This research initially examined the aggressiveness of 18 Sclerotinia isolates (17 S. sclerotiorum, one S. subarctica) on cultivated representatives of B. rapa, B. oleracea and B. napus using a young plant test. Significant differences were observed between isolates and susceptibility of the brassica crop types, with B. rapa being the most susceptible. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates from crop hosts were more aggressive than those from wild buttercup (Ranunculus acris). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates P7 (pea) and DG4 (buttercup), identified as ‘aggressive’ and ‘weakly aggressive’, respectively, were used to screen 96 B. napus lines for SSR resistance in a young plant test. A subset of 20 lines was further evaluated using the same test and also in a stem inoculation test on flowering plants. A high level of SSR resistance was observed for five lines and, although there was some variability between tests, one winter OSR (line 3, Czech Republic) and one rape kale (line 83, UK) demonstrated consistent resistance. Additionally, one swede (line 69, Norway) showed an outstanding level of resistance in the stem test. Resistant lines also had fewer sclerotia forming in stems. New pre‐breeding material for the production of SSR resistant OSR cultivars relevant to conditions in the UK and Europe has therefore been identified.     

矮紫金牛扦插技术初探

在冬季和春季取矮紫金牛枝条的不同部位作插穗,进行留叶量及生根粉的不同处理方式对插穗生根影响的试验。试验结果表明,矮紫金牛在春季取枝条的基部和中部作插穗,并且把叶片全部摘去,然后把插穗基部先用生根粉水剂浸0.5 h,再浆上含有生根粉的泥浆进行扦插,插穗的生根较快、生根数较多以及成活率较高。     

Resistance against Botrytis cinerea in smooth leaf pruning wounds of tomato does not depend on major disease signalling pathways

In high‐tech, heated tomato glasshouses, stem infections caused by Botrytis cinerea usually end up girdling the stem, resulting in plant death and consequently high economic losses. Such infections originate primarily from wounds created during leaf pruning, a common cultural practice in which it is intended to remove leaves completely, resulting in smooth stem wounds. However, hasty leaf pruning often results in numerous petiole stubs accidentally left behind. In this study analysis of disease incidences clearly proved that pruning leaves flush to the stem resulted in absolute resistance of the stem wounds, whereas petiole stubs displayed a high level of susceptibility to B. cinerea. Postponing inoculation of wounds after pruning indicated that development of nearly complete resistance occurs within 48 h after deleafing. Monitoring of the wound wetness period showed that drying of the wound surface is not the cause of the decreased susceptibility, contrary to what was commonly believed. Tomato mutants deficient in disease signalling showed altered phenotypes for susceptibility to B. cinerea, indicating that defences against this pathogen in petiole stubs depend on ethylene signalling. Additionally, the decreased susceptibility of mutants deficient in the biosynthesis of jasmonates and abscisic acid suggest an antagonistic effect of these signal molecules. On the other hand, resistance of smooth stem wounds could not be altered by disruption of salicylic acid, ethylene, jasmonate or abscisic acid signalling. This indicates that this remarkable absolute resistance to B. cinerea does not depend on the major disease signalling pathways.