Fusarium oxysporum,F. proliferatum and F. redolens associated with basal rot of onion in Finland

In recent years in Finland, Fusarium infections in onions have increased, both in the field and in storage, and Fusarium species have taken the place of Botrytis as the worst pathogens causing post‐harvest rot of onion. To study Fusarium occurrence, samples were taken from onion sets, harvested onions and also from other plants grown in the onion fields. Isolates of five Fusarium species found in the survey were tested for pathogenicity on onion. Fusarium oxysporum was frequently found in onions and other plants, and, of the isolates tested, 31% caused disease symptoms and 15% caused growth stunting in onion seedlings. Fusarium proliferatum, a species previously not reported in Finland, was also identified. Over 50% of the diseased onion crop samples were infected with F. proliferatum, and all the F. proliferatum isolates tested were pathogenic to onion. Thus, compared to F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum seems to be more aggressive on onion. Also some of the F. redolens isolates were highly virulent, killing onion seedlings. Comparison of the translation elongation factor 1α gene sequences revealed that the majority of the aggressive isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae group together and are distinct from the other isolates. Incidence and relative proportions of the different Fusarium species differed between the sets and the mature bulbs. More research is required to determine to what extent Fusarium infections spoiling onions originate from infected onion sets rather than the field soil.     

Comparison of predictions of baking volume using large deformation rheological properties

Three large deformation rheological tests, the Kieffer dough extensibility system, the D/R dough inflation system and the 2 g mixograph test, were carried out on doughs made from a large number of winter wheat lines and cultivars grown in Poland. These lines and cultivars represented a broad spread in baking performance in order to assess their suitability as predictors of baking volume. The parameters most closely associated with baking volume were strain hardening index, bubble failure strain, and mixograph bandwidth at 10 min. Simple correlations with baking volume indicate that bubble failure strain and strain hardening index give the highest correlations, whilst the use of best subsets regression, which selects the best combination of parameters, gave increased correlations with R²=0.865 for dough inflation parameters, R²=0.842 for Kieffer parameters and R²=0.760 for mixograph parameters.     

Reinvestigation of the scaling law of the windblown sand launch velocity with a wind tunnel experiment

Windblown sand transport is a leading factor in the geophysical evolution of arid and semi-arid regions. The evolution speed is usually indicated by the sand transport rate that is a function of launch velocity of sand particle, whichhasbeen investigated by the experimental measurement and numerical simulation. However, the obtained results in literatures are inconsistent. Some researchers have discovered a relation between average launch velocity and wind shear velocity, while some other researchers have suggested that average launch velocity is independent of wind shear velocity. The inconsistence of launch velocity leads to a controversy in the scaling law of the sand transport rate in the windblown case. On the contrary, in subaqueous case, the scaling law of the sand transport rate has been widely accepted as a cubic function of fluid shear velocity. In order to explain the debates surrounding the windblown case and the difference between windblown and subaquatic cases, this study reinvestigates the scaling law of the vertical launch velocity of windblown transported sand particles by using a dimensional analysis in consideration of the compatibility of the characteristic time of sand particle motion and that of air flow. Then a wind tunnel experiment is conducted to confirm the revisited scaling law, where the sand particle motion pictures are recorded by a high-speed camera and then the launch velocity is solved by the particle tracking velocimetry. By incorporating the results of dimensional analysis and wind tunnel experiment, it can be concluded that, the ratio of saltonsnumber to reptonsnumberdetermines the scaling law of sand particle launch velocity and that of sand transport rate, and using this ratio is able to explain the discrepancies among the classical models of steady sand transport. Moreover, the resulting scaling law can explain the sand sieving phenomenon: a greater fraction of large grains is observed as the distance to the wind tunnel entrance becomes larger.     

巨桉种源遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分子标记方法对巨桉11个种源80个个体进行了遗传变异的比较分析.通过20个10bp随机引物的扩增,共检测到149个位点,其中89个为多态性标记位点,总的多态位点百分率为59.73%.各个种源多态位点百分率较高,为42.86%～55.89%,多态位点最多的是8号种源,最低的是6号种源.Shannon表型多样度估测值的统计表明,遗传多样性主要存在种源内部.遗传变异在种源间占28.74%,在种源个体间占71.26%.Shannon表型多样度估测值在种源间为0.1720～0.2650,平均为0.2373.8号种源的遗传多样性最高,6号种源的遗传多样性最低;种源间的遗传距离为0.0391～0.1344,平均为0.0817.这些遗传变异为巨桉优良种源的早期选择提供了科学依据.     

1961—2012年我国干旱演变特征

利用气象观测数据、气象干旱指数及Mann-Kendal统计检验方法,研究我国近52 a的旱情特征及旱情变化趋势,基于标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI评估不同区域旱灾发生次数、频率及覆盖面积等。结果表明：当时间尺度较小时,SPI指数与SPEI指数变化频率快,这两种指数都能有效地反映出区域旱情信息,而SPEI指数旱情监测效果更好;全国绝大部分站点降水量呈现下降趋势,但没达到显著水平;绝大部分站点平均气温呈现显著上升趋势,且SPEI值也表现出干旱趋势;全国不同省份发生旱灾的频率差异性大,河北、黑龙江、湖北、贵州和宁夏5省份在2001—2010年遭受的旱灾次数高于其他时期,大部分省份干旱覆盖面积呈现显著增大趋势。     

河南省经济增长与城乡居民收入差距关系的实证分析

选取泰尔指数度量了河南省城乡收入差距,并运用协整检验和格兰杰因果关系检验,以及基于向量自回归模型的脉冲响应函数及方差分解等方法,实证分析了河南省1978～2009年的经济增长与城乡收入之间的关系。研究发现,经济增长与城乡收入差距之间存在长期均衡关系;经济增长对城乡收入差距的扩大具有很大的影响,而城乡收入差距的扩大对于经济增长存在着一定的制约作用。     

安徽民营科技企业发展现状刍议

改革开放以来, 在各级党委、政府强力扶持和社会各界的协同支持下, 安徽省民营科技企业如雨后春笋般地迅猛发展起来。特别是邓小平南巡讲话后, 在指导思想上进一步放开、搞活, 呈现出“政府大力鼓励, 社会全力支持, 民营勇于创新”的良好态势, 使安徽省民营科技企业有了突破性的发展。本文用主成分分析的方法对安徽省各地区的民营科技企业的经济效益和发展的现状进行分析, 从而给出各地区民营科技企业经济实力的综合评价。     

拖拉机安全驾驶室的强度研究

通过对长春-40及迪尔安全驾驶室框架进行有限元计算,得到了不同载荷作用下框架的变形和应力分布,分析了驾驶室的强度和刚度,并对框架进行了试验研究,验证了理论计算结果。     

The role of soil testing and plant analysis as an integral program at agricultural experiment stations

Abstract

Agricultural Experiment Station researchers can and have played a primary role in the development of the soil testing and plant analysis techniques. Analytical methodology has far outdistanced our ability to use effectively the results of these tests and analyses. Continued research is needed to establish more effective methods of interpreting and utilizing results to prevent or correct uncovered nutrient element deficiencies.     

河南栽培大豆的RAPD品种鉴定和聚类分析

用CTAB法提取了10个大豆品种总DNA,使用RAPD技术对其进行了品种鉴定和聚类分析。从73条随机引物中筛选出12条扩增出较稳定DNA条带的引物扩增这些品种总DNA,共扩增出67条带,大小0．2-5 kb,每种引物扩增出4-9条带;多态性条带共51条,多态性比例为76．12％。利用SPSS11．0软件所做的统计分析和聚类分析结果表明,10个品种间的相似系数在0．528-0．776之间,平均相似系数为0．641 6;可聚成3类:豫豆24号、周豆11号、周豆 12号、豫豆11号、周豆13号、豫豆6号,可聚为A类;中作98-3和豫豆15号可聚为B类;豫豆26号和豫豆22号聚为 C类。同一类品种间体现了一定的相关性。