不同梨品种对梨黑斑病抗性差异研究

对17个梨栽培品种的黑斑病田间抗性进行了研究.结果表明:17个梨品种可分为抗、中抗、感、高感4个抗性类群,不同抗性群间的抗性差异明显;爱宕、早蜜、翠冠和新竺水4个品种表现抗病,大果水晶表现高度感病.     

黑龙江省大豆灰斑病生理小种监测及主栽品种抗性分析

为明确黑龙江省不同地区大豆灰斑病菌生理小种出现频率及类型,采用自行筛选的鉴别寄主对采自17个不同大豆产区的30份灰斑病菌进行生理小种监测鉴定.已鉴定出7个生理小种(1号、4号、6号、7号、8号、9号、11号)和4个未知生理小种.结果表明:1号生理小种仍是优势小种,出现频率为39%,较2006年下降了9%;其次是7号生理小种,出现频率为28%,较2006年上升了7%.对黑龙江省56份主栽品种进行抗病性鉴定,鉴定出高抗品种4个,垦丰16号、垦丰18号、绥农22号、绥农25号,抗病品种14个.     

黑穗醋栗叶斑病病原鉴定

叶斑病是近年黑穗醋栗栽培区危害比较大的一种病害,严重时导致叶片大量提前脱落,从而影响树势和产量。分别从黑龙江省海林市、桦川县、宾县和东北农业大学园艺实验站采集病样,采用组织分离法分离病斑,并对分离的病原菌进行纯化、形态观察和人工接种。结果表明,黑龙江省黑穗醋栗叶斑病是由壳针孢属(Septoria)真菌引起的,属于半知菌亚门(Deuteromycetes)球壳孢目(Sphaeropsidales)球壳孢科(Sphaeropsidaceae),该病原菌的适宜生长培养基为马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(Potato dextrose agar,PDA)。试验研究主要是确定了导致黑穗醋栗叶斑病的病原,以期为黑穗醋栗的抗叶斑病育种及病害的防治提供依据。     

主要黄瓜种质资源抗病性评价

采用苗期接种法,对50份黄瓜种质资源作霜霉病、白粉病、棒孢叶斑病及黑斑病抗病性鉴定。结果表明,高抗白粉病材料有6份;高抗棒孢叶斑病材料有9份;高抗黑斑病材料有3份;抗霜霉病材料有11份。通过比较50份材料多抗性,仅50号材料(华南型)抗4种病害;5份材料抗3种病害,分别为16号、28号、31号、36号和38号。其中16号(西方鲜用型)、31号(华北型)和38号(华南型)抗霜霉病、棒孢叶斑病和黑斑病;36号(华南型)抗棒孢叶斑病、黑斑病和白粉病;28号(腌渍型)抗霜霉病、棒孢叶斑病和白粉病。在4种生态类型中,华南型黄瓜多抗性最好。16号、28号、31号、36号、38号和50号材料可作为培育黄瓜广谱抗病品种优良抗病种质资源。     

不同花生品种对花生褐斑病和网斑病抗病性鉴定

本研究旨在明确不同花生品种对花生褐斑病和网斑病的抗性,为品种选育及田间病害防治提供依据。采用田间病圃鉴定法鉴定了花生不同品种对褐斑病和网斑病的抗性,结果表明,参试的9个花生品种中有6个品种对花生褐斑病的相对抗病指数在0．6以上,花育23、日花1号和四粒红属于高抗病类型,其中花育23相对抗病指数最高为0．87;鲁花8号、青花7号和冀花4号属于抗病类型。13个花生品种中只有2个花生品种对花生网斑病的相对抗病指数在0．6以上,其中花育36属于高抗类型,相对抗病指数为0．81;农大056属于抗病类型,其余花生为敏感性,但是每个花生品种对花生叶斑病的综合抗性较差。     

2种桑树病原真菌多重PCR检测方法的建立

目的 褐斑病与轮纹病是桑树Morus alba 的2种常见真菌性病害,危害严重,给生产上带来极大损失。本研究旨在快速准确地诊断2种病害的主要病原菌新褐斑壳丰孢Neophloeospora maculans与膝节霉Gonatophragmium triuniae。方法 基于多重PCR原理,针对2种病原菌的核糖体内转录间隔区(Internal transcribed spacer, ITS)序列设计多重PCR的特异性引物,优化多重PCR反应的条件,并通过对45份不同地区桑树褐斑病与轮纹病样本进行检测以验证所建立的多重PCR的可行性。结果 建立的多重PCR检测体系具有良好的可操作性,特异性良好,2种病原菌的DNA检测灵敏度分别达0.1 和1.0 pg/μL,通过对不同地区的田间收集的多份桑树病样进行检测,可以明显区分出不同地区2种病害病原菌的种类。结论 所建立的多重PCR技术可用于桑树褐斑病与轮纹病病原菌的快速检测,可为桑树真菌性病害的防控建立基础。     

A new Curvularia lunata variety discovered in Huanghuaihai Region in China

The purpose of this study was to identify the dominant pathogens of Curvularia leaf spot and their pathogenicity variation in Huanghuaihai Region of China in recent years. In 2013 and 2016–2017, the occurrences of Curvularia leaf spots on maize were investigated in fields located in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and 292 fungi were isolated from diseased leaves. These fungal isolates were subjected to morphological identification, and 232 isolates were found to have about 70% uncurved conidia and were identified as Curvularia lunata var. Most of the conidia of 2 representative isolates, namely, HNWB-131 and HNWB-185, were oblong with parallel septations and were distinctly different from a reference isolate CX-3. For further determination, the internal transcribed spacer(ITS), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GPDH), the large subunit(LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha(EF1-α) sequences of HNWB-131, HNWB-185, and CX-3 were amplified and sequenced. The results of sequence analysis showed that the 4 gene sequences from the 3 isolates had a similarity of more than 99% to C. lunata. Based on the sequences of ITS and the combined data of the 4 genes, neighbor-joining trees were constructed for phylogenetic analysis. The results indicated that these 3 isolates were clustered together with C. lunata. The expression of Clg2 p and ClUrase genes in mycelia and conidia was significantly(P0.05) higher in CX-3 than in HNWB-131 and HNWB-185. This study found that the dominant pathogen of Curvularia leaf spot was a new variety of C. lunata with morphological variations in Huanghuaihai Region from 2013 to 2017. The pathogenicity of the C. lunata var. was not significantly enhanced, and the expression of Clg2 p and ClUrase genes of C. lunata var. was decreased.     

侵染芝麻的芜菁花叶病毒黄斑黄化株系的初步鉴定

本文对较为普遍发生的芝麻黄化型病害分离物YS—I进行了初步病原鉴定。该分离物浸染芝麻引起叶片多角型黄斑黄化,植株不能正常开花结实。摩擦接种YS—I能够侵染7科9种植物,局部侵染苋色藜、千日红、蚕豆;系统侵染油菜、百日菊等。该病毒能够由桃蚜以非持久方式进行传播。病毒在芝麻病组织汁液中存活期2天,钝化温度55℃,稀释限点4×10~(-1)。提纯病毒为弯曲线状粒体,大小约为15×810nm。血清学上该病毒与芜菁花叶病毒密切相关,与花生条纹病毒、大豆花叶病毒和黄花叶病毒不相关。在TuMV株系鉴别寄主上,YS—I与引起芝麻矮化坏死的TuMV—Se具有明显不同症状反应。因此,YS—I为芜菁花叶病毒的又一芝麻分离株(TuMy—YS)。     

Population genetic structure,gene flow and recombination of Cochliobolus miyabeanus on cultivated wildrice (Zizania palustris)

A collection of 168 Cochliobolus miyabeanus isolates was made from cultivated wildrice (Zizania palustris) paddies in Minnesota, USA, during 2007 and 2008. Analysis of 26 polymorphic amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers generated with three primer‐pair combinations indicated a moderate average gene diversity () of 0·283. Genotypic diversity was high in all collection areas with the exception of a paddy in Itasca County. Significant population subdivision by collection site was found with amova tests using both the entire fungal population data (F_ST = 0·29, P < 0·001) and the clone‐corrected data (F_ST = 0·08, P < 0·001), and with a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. Abundant immigrants, shared haplotypes and admixed genotypes were found in paddies in central‐eastern areas. Although indirect tests did not support the hypothesis of random mating at the subpopulation level, sexual recombination nevertheless may be possible in areas where both mating type idiomorphs, MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2, were found. These results may have implications in breeding for resistance and disease management.