海南省外来淡水生物入侵现状、危害及防控策略

由于特殊的地理环境和良好的气候条件,海南省已成为我国外来生物入侵的重灾区之一,许多外来淡水生物在海南均有分布。2016-2018年,对万泉河、南渡江、昌化江等海南主要河流外来淡水生物的种类和分布进行了初步调查。经过调查发现,目前海南共有43种外来淡水水生生物,其中鱼类31种、爬行类2种、两栖类1种、软体动物2种、甲壳动物3种,淡水植物4种。海南省外来淡水生物的主要入侵途径是水产养殖引种,主要危害是捕食和竞争。根据调查结果提出了健全管理制度、加大科学研究和人才培养、加强宣传等防控策略。     

Potential distribution and population trends of the smalltail shark Carcharhinus porosus inferred from species distribution models and historical catch data

1. Updated distribution ranges are crucial for conservation status assessments. Comprehensive analyses combining published literature and available data on historical catches and species distribution models (SDMs) are effective tools that could improve the prediction of more realistic scenarios for some species, especially those with limited information available and facing multiple threats.
2. The present study aimed at generating an updated distribution for the smalltail shark Carcharhinus porosus, one of the most threatened and understudied shark species of the western Atlantic Ocean. Estimates of the key areas for this species conservation based on the SDMs, and trends in catch probabilities throughout its distribution range are provided.
3. Four algorithms (BIOCLIM, Domain, Mahalanobis, and Maximum Entropy) were used to model the distribution of C. porosus and calculate its habitat suitability based on marine environmental variables. To assess historical catch probability trends, we built a generalized linear model from published and grey literature data. This analysis was used to estimate catch probability as an indication of population trends.
4. SDMs suggest that the northern coast of South America (NCSA) harbours the most suitable habitats for C. porosus in the world, which was expected given its historically high catch rate in this region. In addition, there was a continuously declining catch probability trend starting in the 1970s. However, the decline was smaller for the NCSA as compared with the Gulf of Mexico and the eastern South America coast.
5. Results indicate that the NCSA should be considered the currently most important area in the world for this species conservation. Furthermore, the lack of data throughout Central and South American marine regions hampers the evaluation of extinction risk throughout its updated distribution. Thus, research in these areas is urgently required for a more comprehensive conservation status assessment.

     

福建经济竹种开发利用与竹业经济发展对策研究

本文论述了福建主要经济竹种资源及其分布特点、经营利用现状与存在的问题,并探讨了市场经济条件下,经济竹种开发利用与竹业经济的发展对策。     

渤海沿岸多盐水池塘限制性营养盐的研究

研究结果表明,渤海沿岸河口氯化物型的多盐水池塘普遍少氮多磷,氮、磷比(总氮/总磷)为3.785～6.733,表现不同程度的氮限制。施肥则使营养盐的限制性作用大为减弱,在施肥后期表现出不很明显的氮磷协同限制。探讨了施肥情况下多盐水水体营养盐限制作用的影响因素,认为施肥后浮游植物的种类组成、种群密度等都产生了变化,从而导致营养盐限制性作用的变化。     

福建海区浮游动物种类组成及数量分布特点

根据2003～2004年福建海区春季和夏季2个季度月浮游动物调查资料,分析和研究该调查海区浮游动物种类组成和数量分布特点。结果表明:浮游动物经鉴定共有226种,其中桡足类114种,占总种数的50.4%,以广盐高盐亚热带和热带种为主。浮游动物总生物量分布夏季比春季高,春季平均值为90.3mg·m-3,夏季为150.8mg·m-3,春季总生物量呈现由北向南递减,以闽东渔场最高,闽中渔期次之,闽南台湾浅滩渔场最低,密集区不明显,夏季则相反,随着暖流势力的增强,闽中、闽南台湾浅滩总生物量明显增加,以闽南台湾浅滩最高,且密集区明显;在调查海区总生物量起主导作用的优势种为普通波水蚤、锥形宽水蚤、微陀隆哲水蚤、亚强真哲水蚤,其密集区基本上是各种作业的主要渔场,与历史资料和邻近海域相比较,一直保持优势种地位有普通波水蚤、亚强真哲水蚤等,生物密集区基本相同。     

福建中南部近海四种主要作业蟹类种类组成及其分布特点

蟹类是福建海区重要的经济渔获种类之一。本文基于2009年1月-011年12月期间进行的蟹类调查资料,分析了福建中南部近海四种捕捞作业渔获物中蟹类的种类组成和分布特点。结果表明：福建中南部近海海域有蟹类94种,隶属16科、53属,以亚热带和热带的暖水性种为主,与南海关系最为密切,而与黄、渤海关系较为疏远。从蟹种分布区域看,这些蟹类在浅海均有分布,其中26．6％的蟹类既分布于浅海又分布于潮间带。从蟹种个体大小看,福建海区蟹类多数属于中小型种类。高强度捕捞加剧了对蟹类资源的破坏,因此需要调整捕捞作业结构,拓展外海蟹类捕捞作业,开展资源动态监测和苗种放流增殖工作,并实施TAC管理制度。     

白龙江干旱河谷脆弱生态区立地类型与造林树种配置

白龙江干旱河谷脆弱生态区是我国西南地区典型的地区.在外业调查和综合分析的基础上,将白龙江干旱河谷脆弱生态区划分为1个立地类型小区,2个立地类型组,10个立地类型,通过对植被资源的调查分析,筛选出适合该区生长的28种造林树种,并将其与不同立地类型进行合理配置,以期为白龙江干旱河谷脆弱生态区植被恢复和生态环境建设提供科学依据.     

中国东部鰕虎鱼科(Gobidae)一新属新种,无孔拟吻鰕虎鱼(Pseudorhinogobius aporus)

采自浙江省缙云仙都（瓯江水系）的一种淡水虎鱼,其颊部感觉乳突排列和外形特征类似于吻虎鱼属的种类,但头部及鳃盖部的感觉管并无任何开孔,与吻虎鱼属的种类具明显的区别,经鉴定为一新属新种,定名为拟吻虎鱼属ＰｓｅｕｄｏｒｈｉｎｏｇｏｂｉｕｓＺｈｏｎｇｅｔＷｕｇｅｎｎｏｖ,无孔拟吻虎鱼ＰｓｅｕｄｏｒｈｉｎｏｇｏｂｉｕｓａｐｏｒｕｓＺｈｏｎｇｅｔＷｕｓｐｎｏｖ。     

Fish species redundancy in estuaries: A major conservation concern in temperate estuaries under global change pressures

1. Fish assemblages in estuaries have a much lower species richness (number of taxa) when compared with the combined numbers of freshwater and marine species from adjacent aquatic ecosystems. This is primarily because of the relatively harsh and fluctuating physico-chemical conditions in estuaries compared with the more stable freshwater and marine environments.
2. A comprehensive fish survey of estuaries in South Africa is used as a basis to determine fish species richness in subtropical, warm temperate, and cool temperate systems along the coast, and to assess the degree of redundancy in the different biogeographic regions.
3. In general, only one or two species belonging to each of the detritivorous, piscivorous, zoobenthivorous, and zooplanktivorous fish guilds are numerically well represented in the larger cool temperate estuaries, but between four and 10 species in each of these guilds are usually recorded in the larger subtropical estuaries.
4. Although the overall low redundancy of fish species groups in estuaries has already been formally recognized in the literature, this short note highlights the sensitivity of certain trophic guilds in temperate South African estuaries to any form of redundancy, a characteristic that may be equally applicable, based on declining species richness with increasing latitude, to temperate estuaries in other parts of the world.

     

New invasive predator reduces the abundance of native prey in a cold-temperate marine fouling community

1. Invasive species threaten the conservation of marine environments, and urgent management strategies are needed to prevent their introduction, establishment and spread. Specifically, marine invasive predators destabilize ecological interactions and alter community structure and function. However, most of the evidence showing the effect of these predators is restricted to a few species and regions, while for others the information remains scarce.
2. This study experimentally evaluated the ecological effects of the sea slug Pleurobranchaea maculata, a recently introduced invasive predator, on the fouling communities of a cold-temperate port in the South-western Atlantic.
3. The results show that increasing predation pressure reduces significantly the abundance of sea anemones, which are among the preferred prey items.
4. This study reveals new evidence to help better understand the effects of P. maculata on the biological communities of a recently invaded region. Furthermore, it provides the first experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that marine invasive predators can induce a significant decrease in the abundance of native species in benthic communities of cold-temperate marine environments in the South-western Atlantic.