城市公园绿地空间布局与供需匹配研究——以兰州市为例

以兰州主城区为例，运用核密度估计法，在对公园绿地空间布局特征分析的基础上，采用改进的两步移动搜索法对公园绿地供需匹配性进行评价，并探究其成因。结果表明:1)公园绿地总体分布呈现整体分散、局部集中的特征；不同类型公园绿地空间布局模式存在较大差异，综合公园呈现“均匀式”布局态势，专类公园呈现“双核心”空间格局，社区公园呈现“西密东疏”的集聚特征。2)主城区公园绿地供需匹配程度总体呈现出“北高南低、西高东低”空间分布特征；从西北—东南向剖面来看，总体呈现出“M”型分布态势；不同类型公园绿地供需比值均大致呈现出“西高东低”的共性特征，但由于各类公园绿地分布数量、面积和服务半径的差异，不同类型公园绿地与人口供需匹配程度也存在差异。3)人口分布、交通路网、公园绿地自身及周边环境是影响城市公园绿地供需匹配度空间分异的主要因素。     

不同发育阶段马尾松人工林经营效果动态分析

为揭示不同发育阶段马尾松人工林经营效果的动态变化特征规律,对青羊湖林场不同发育阶段的马尾松人工林(幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林)林分空间结构、物种多样性、土壤肥力、林木生长等指标进行动态分析,运用主成分分析法,对不同发育阶段的各经营样地的经营效果进行综合评价。结果表明:不同发育阶段的马尾松林在经营改造后,空间结构明显改善,物种多样性指数均明显提高,土壤肥力也有所改善;幼龄林、中龄林和近熟林9块样地抚育间伐补植改造效果综合评价得分依次为0.079,-0.021,-0.241,0.528,0.438,1.028,-0.145,-0.780,-0.886,得分越高说明改造经营效果越好。经营促进了不同发育阶段马尾松人工林林分空间结构的优化、树种多样性的提高、土壤肥力的改善和林木蓄积生长的提高,林分向异龄复层混交林方向发展,为马尾松人工林经营提供理论依据。     

Improved visualization of the lumbar spine nerve roots in dogs using water excitation (ProSet) as opposed to short tau inversion recovery: A retrospective study of two fat suppression MRI sequences

Magnetic resonance imaging fat suppression techniques are commonly used for diagnosis of canine spinal disease, however, studies comparing different techniques are currently lacking. This retrospective, methods comparison study aimed to evaluate water excitation and STIR MRI pulse sequences for visualization of canine lumbar spinal nerve roots. For inclusion, all dogs had to have dorsal planar MRI studies of the lumbar spine using both sequences. Visual grading analysis was used for scoring the following five criteria: degree of fat suppression; nerve root visualization; subjective tissue contrast; presence of noise; and overall better image quality. Scores were independently recorded by three board‐certified veterinary radiologists on two separate occasions, 3‐6 weeks apart. A total of 90 dogs were sampled. A two‐tailed t‐test showed that there were significant differences in all scored parameters (P < 0.00001), with the exception of noise (P = 0.47343), and that the water excitation sequence scored higher in all cases excluding noise. A Gwets AC kappa for intraobserver and interobserver reliability showed “almost perfect” agreement for the nerve roots in both tests (intra: k = 0.88; inter: k = 0.90). Intraobserver agreement was “substantial” for the degree of fat suppression (k = 0.68), subjective tissue contrast (k = 0.75), and overall better image quality (k = 0.76) and it was “fair” for the noise (k = 0.46). Interobserver agreement was “moderate” for the degree of fat suppression (k = 0.53), subjective tissue contrast (k = 0.63), and overall better image quality (k = 0.66) and “slight” for noise (k = 0.25). These findings supported using the water excitation pulse sequence for fat‐suppressed MRI of canine lumbar spinal nerve roots.     

景观空间异质性对生态系统服务的影响

景观空间异质性是一个景观生态学的概念,其会对生态系统服务产生巨大影响,而生态系统服务会随着景观格局的改变而改变。景观空间异质性可划分为景观组成异质性与景观构型异质性。这两方面对生态系统服务的影响机制和内容有所不同。目前很多学者都是对“景观格局—生态系统服务对应关系,或者生态系统过程—生态系统服务对应关系”进行研究,缺乏将景观格局、生态系统过程与生态系统服务三者结合起来,并关注三者变化与相互关系的研究。关于景观异质性是通过何种途径影响生态系统服务的,目前的研究还不够深入。通过总结国内外的有关文献,简述景观空间异质性是如何通过直接和间接作用影响生态系统服务,以期为提高生态系统服务、实现可持续发展以及制定生态保护政策提供科学依据。     

放牧对荒漠草原植物群落资源分配的影响

本试验于2004年在内蒙古畜牧科学院四子王旗实验基地,对不同放牧强度下短花针茅荒漠草原(Stipa breuiflora desert steppe)主要植物的资源分配进行了研究.结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,植物各部分的资源分配比例在减少;冷蒿根部的投资增加,地上投资降低,生殖分配部分在轻牧区最高,适当放牧可增加冷蒿种子繁殖的机会.短花针茅和无芒隐子草在重牧区根茎叶上的投资同时减少,这是植物改变自己资源分配趋向,适应生境的一种方式.     

不同放牧强度下羊草十大针茅草地植被与土壤氮素的空间异质性分析

以河北坝上的羊草(Leymus chinensis)+大针茅(Stipa grandis)典型草原为研究对象,用方差和地统计分析相结合的方法,研究了不同放牧强度对植被和土壤氮素的空间分布格局的影响.结果表明,植被密度与土壤氮素的变异函数大多符合球状和指数模型;轻牧与中牧的植被群落密度的空间分布受随机因素的影响较大,禁牧与重牧地受空间结构性因素影响较大,但重牧区土壤氮素的空间分布受随机因素影响相对较大;放牧降低了植被密度的空间异质性,而禁牧区的空间异质性(基台值0.116 8)大于放牧区(基台值均值0.019 5);随放牧强度的增加,土壤铵态氮、硝态氮的空间异质性均呈降低-增加的趋势,且重牧明显增加了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮的空间异质性,基台值分别为5.642 0和2.681 0,大于其余3个处理铵态氮和硝态氮的均值(0.315 8和0.168 7);整体上,在相同放牧处理的植被密度与土壤硝态氮的空间分布有相近的变化趋势.     

准噶尔荒漠区域尺度浅层土壤化学计量特征及其空间分布格局

干旱荒漠生态系统具有降水稀少、土壤贫瘠、生物多样性低的特点,对荒漠土壤生态化学计量特征的研究有助于深入了解荒漠土壤养分供给能力及其对生物多样性和生态系统稳定性的影响。对准噶尔荒漠79个样点浅层(0~10cm)土壤及环境因子进行调查取样,分析了土壤有机碳(C)、全氮(N)及全磷(P)化学计量特征、空间分布及其影响因素。结果表明,准噶尔荒漠土壤C、N、P平均含量分别为(5.73±0.49),(0.207±0.009)和(0.347±0.004)g/kg,C∶N、C∶P、N∶P分别为(29.92±2.55),(15.97±1.23)和(0.498±0.024)。土壤P稳定性最高(CV=0.098),而C、C∶N和C∶P的变异性较强(CV=0.687~0.758)。C、P、C∶N及C∶P在不同生境(沙漠、戈壁和盐碱荒漠)、不同群落(白梭梭、梭梭及小灌木)间均存在差异。与全国及全球平均水平相比,准噶尔荒漠土壤C、N、P含量、C∶P及N∶P均较低而C∶N较高,养分元素缺乏程度表现为NCP。土壤养分元素及其化学计量比之间多具有显著的二次函数关系,且化学计量比主要受C和N的制约。在区域尺度上,各化学计量参数表现出明显的空间异质性,其中C、C∶N和C∶P分布格局相似,并受年降水量、纬度和经度的影响;N与N∶P分布格局相似,受经度、海拔和年均温的影响。     

Effect of support on the growth of a woody vine,Wisteria floribunda DC. (Leguminosae)

Seedling ofWisteria floribunda, which belongs to the twiner type of climbing plants, were planted in nursery and the effect of support on the growth of the seedlings was tested. The seedlings were grown with 240 cm-height and 120 cm-height supports (the culms of a dwarf bamboo), and without support. Positive effect of the supports and its length were observed for stem length ofW. floribunda at the end of the growing season. The positive effect of support was also observed for total dry weight. Total dry weight with 240 cm-height support reached more than the double of the seedlings without support. These effects of the support were attributed to die-back behavior of the twining stem, which detached from the support or did not encounter the support. Diameter of the stems without support showed a rapid decrease toward the stem tip, while that with support were relatively constant when they were twining around the support. The existence of the support also affected the dry matter allocation in this species; supported seedlings allocated larger proportion of biomass to current-year stems than unsupported seedlings, although the allocation to the roots was smaller in the supported treatments. Support availability may be critical for the establishment and further growth of the seedlings ofW. floribunda which regenerate at the forest edge and canopy gaps. A part of this report was presented at the 107th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society, at Tsukuba, April, 1996.     

格氏栲种群生态学研究Ⅶ.格氏栲种群分布格局的强度与纹理分析

前人都是采用样方方法对格氏栲种群数量的空间格局进行测定,而格局分布有可能受样方大小的影响,且分析过程中没有涉及聚块间密度差的问题,因而无法掌握种群的聚块大小差别及聚块内个体间的离散程度．本研究采用无样方距离法,测定不同生境的格氏栲种群空间格局,分析格氏栲种群格局的强度和纹理．强度以聚块和间隙的密度差来定义,纹理则是体现聚块内个体间的离散程度与诸聚块间的分离程度．测定结果表明,格氏栲种群格局强度从高到低排列次序为：木姜子＞蚊母树＞冬青＞茜草树＞格氏栲＞米槠＞虎皮楠＞木荷;格局纹理从粗到细的顺序是：木荷＝木姜子＞茜草树＞格氏栲＝冬青＞米槠＞蚊母树＞虎皮楠．这一测定结果与作者采用聚集度指标测定相同样地格氏栲种群空间格局的结果基本相符．因此,格氏栲空间格局类型及分布与格氏栲生物学特性及生境的关系密切