河套盐碱地不同利用方式土壤盐碱化特征差异分析

为研究河套平原盐碱地在不同利用方式对土壤盐碱化特征分布的影响,通过野外调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,对5种土地利用方式下(林地、农用地、牧草地、改良地、盐荒地)不同深度土壤剖面形态特征、可溶盐含量、盐分离子组成、总碱度、pH、碱化度等指标的变化规律进行了系统研究。结果表明:不同利用方式土壤剖面土体结构、颜色、根系分布、石灰性反应及碱化层分布均有明显差异;土壤剖面的可溶性盐、阴阳离子分布因土地利用方式不同而存在差异,牧草地和林地土壤剖面可溶性盐呈"橄榄"型、盐荒地和改良地呈"表聚"型、农用地呈"底聚"型;土壤pH、碱化度和总碱度在剖面中的分布特征基本一致,呈"S"型;经不同利用方式土壤的盐化程度和碱化程度均有所下降,与盐荒地相比,农用地盐碱化指标下降的最为显著(P0.05),其中0—20 cm土壤全盐量降至0.88 g/kg,pH降至7.83,总碱度、ESP降至0.17 cmol/kg和12.54%,表明苏打盐碱地经农用后更有利于土壤脱盐化过程和脱碱化过程;土壤全盐量、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、总碱度、pH可作为控制区域盐碱化的主要因子。研究结果为阐明河套平原盐碱地的盐碱化过程及盐碱化土壤利用模式提供技术参考。     

近红外光谱变量筛选提高西瓜糖度预测模型精度

水果的内部品质是水果分级、保鲜及存储的一项重要指标,利用近红外光谱技术对西瓜内部品质进行快速无损检测研究有着非常重要的意义。为了研究变量筛选方法对西瓜糖度预测模型精度的影响,该文以麒麟瓜为研究对象,利用近红外漫透射光谱技术对麒麟瓜可溶性固形物含量（SSC）进行检测,采用偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）,多元线性回归（MLR）和主成分回归（PCR）建立麒麟瓜可溶性固形物数学模型,并探讨等间隔平均光谱和等间隔抽取光谱变量筛选结合连续投影算法（SPA）对预测模型精度的影响。研究结果表明：光谱经等间隔抽取（间隔5,115个变量）经归一化预处理,结合SPA优选出6个波长建立的PLSR预测模型的相关系数（rpre）为0.828、校正均方根误差（RMSEC）为0.589、预测均方根误差（RMSEP）为0.611。该模型预测效果相对较优,建模时间短,提高了模型的预测能力和预测精度。该研究为西瓜内部品质的在线无损检测提供研究基础。     

美国豆芋花总皂苷制备及其α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性

为高效利用美国豆芋花皂苷类化合物,以皂苷得率和纯度为指标,研究美国豆芋花总皂苷的提取工艺及大孔树脂纯化工艺,并对制备的美国豆芋花总皂苷的抗氧化及α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力进行研究。结果表明,美国豆芋花总皂苷的提取工艺为提取溶剂90%乙醇,料液比1∶20,温度70℃,提取时间2 h。得到的提取物石油醚脱脂后用水饱和正丁醇萃取,D-101大孔树脂吸附柱纯化的工艺为上样皂苷质量浓度1 mg·m L~(-1),上样量40 m L·g~(-1)树脂,洗脱剂为80%乙醇(pH值6),洗脱剂用量4 BV(树脂柱体积)。制备的美国豆芋花总皂苷样得率4.24%,纯度达65.35%,比粗提物(纯度15.27%)提高了约3倍;抗氧化性能(清除DPPH和ABTS自由基IC50值分别为51.08、29.24μg·m L~(-1))和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力(IC50值为83.62μg·m L~(-1))也均优于粗提物(清除DPPH、ABTS自由基IC50值分别为286.51、69.92μg·m L~(-1),α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制浓度(IC50)值为1 043.57μg·m L~(-1)),表明该工艺可用于高活性美国豆芋花总皂苷的富集和纯化。此外,美国豆芋花总皂苷抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制类型为竞争型抑制,抑制常数为49.68μg·m L~(-1)。本研究结果为开发具有降血糖功能的医药中间体或功能性食品提供了新资源和实践基础。     

日光温室土壤养分含量及比例与种植年限的关系

对陕西省泾阳县的日光温室蔬菜施肥情况与土壤养分状况进行了研究。结果表明,泾阳县日光温室氮磷钾养分的纯投入量平均为N·651 kg hm~(-2)、P2O5·485 kg hm~(-2)和K2O·855 kg hm~(-2),养分投入量明显偏高。温室耕层土壤速效磷、速效钾、水溶性钾和水溶性钙与种植年限之间都存在极显著的线性正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.995、0.973、0.973和0.979。种植7年后,硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量分别是农田土壤的1.8、5.1和3.6倍,水溶性钾、钙、镁分别是农田的12.2、4.5和2.6倍。随种植年限的延长,温室土壤K、Ca、Mg三者的比例严重失衡,由养分不合理施用带来的养分损失及可能引起的环境问题值得关注。     

Application of biochar in mitigation of negative effects of salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects crop production throughout the world. Biochar is an activated carbon soil conditioner that can alleviate the negative impacts of salinity. The research was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effect of 1% and 2% of biochar application on wheat seed germination and growth attributes under salinity. Both levels of biochar improved the germination and growth conditions under salinity; however, 2% biochar level was more effective compared to 1% level. Root and shoot length increased up to 23% and11% with 2% biochar, respectively. The maximum increase of 16% and 10% in leaf water potential and osmotic potential was noted with 2% biochar at 150 mM salt. The decrease in proline content and soluble sugar at 2% biochar was 51% and 27%, respectively. Decrease in superoxide dismutase activity was 15.3% at 2% level of biochar under stress biochar mitigates the negative effects of salinity and improved wheat productivity.     

控释肥残膜对小麦各生育期土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

为了探明控释肥树脂残膜对土壤环境可能造成的影响,采用小麦池栽试验研究了控释肥树脂残膜对土壤有关微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,控释肥树脂残膜使土壤细菌和放线菌数量分别相对增加了19.01%～62.87%和17.03%～132.39%,土壤脲酶、转化酶、中性磷酸酶活性分别提高了17.39%～85.71%、31.77%～158.40%、35.14%～189.47%,但对过氧化氢酶活性无明显影响。施肥处理（施肥不施残膜和施肥施残膜处理）显著增加了土壤转化酶和中性磷酸酶活性;但对土壤细菌和放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性没有显著影响。控释肥树脂残膜施用量在90～360g/m2 范围内,对土壤细菌和放线菌数量以及有关土壤酶活性没有产生不良影响。     

Comparing Nutrient Availability in Low-Fertility Soils using Ion Exchange Resin Capsules

Assessing the nutrient status of low-input, low-fertility desert soils poses some unique challenges. Commonly used soil analysis procedures and resin capsules generally assess nutrient status of fertile agricultural soils. Ion-exchange resin capsules (Unibest Company, Bozeman, Mont.) provide a viable alternative. A study was conducted to determine effectiveness of resin capsules to extract low levels of nutrients applied to native soils. Loamy sand and sandy clay loam desert soils from Utah were treated with combinations of four rates of nitrogen (N) as ammonium nitrate (34–0–0), three rates of phosphorus (P) as phosphoric acid (0–72–0), and two rates of iron sulfate (FeSO₄·7H₂O) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄·7H₂O) (include an untreated control). Each soil treatment was implanted with a resin capsule placed into either 250 or 1000 cm³ of soil after addition of water equivalent to 50% field capacity and incubated for either 60 or 120 days at 25 °C. After the appropriate incubation time, capsules were washed and extracted using 2 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), and the extract was used to measure iron (Fe), ammonium (NH₄)-N, nitrate (NO₃)-N, sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn). Conventional soil tests were completed on incubated soils (60 or 120 days). Resin capsules reflected NH₄-N and P fertilizer applied at low rates in the loamy sand but not in the sandy clay loam. Neither Fe nor Zn application was reflected in resin capsules, but the accompanying S was clearly quantified. In comparison to conventional soil test procedures, resin capsule NH₄-N was clearly a better indicator than KCl-extractable NH₄-N; resin capsule NO₃-N was effective, but not as good an indicator as water extraction; and resin capsule P was reflective of soil applied P in loamy sand but not in sandy clay loam, whereas sodium bicarbonate was effective in both soils. Resin capsules show promise for use in low-input conditions, but additional understanding of interactions in variable soils is needed.     

热固性树脂包膜控释肥料肥效期的快速预测方法

采用静水溶出率的方法,在25℃、40℃、60℃7、0℃、80℃和100℃条件下,探讨了控释肥料中养分累积释放率与温度的变化规律,以期建立控释肥料肥效期或养分释放期的快速预测方法。结果表明,从低温到高温的各种温度处理下,Scotts公司的Osmocote热固性树脂包膜控释肥料养分累积释放曲线都呈二次曲线,相关指数R2均大于0.996。温度与包膜控释肥料肥效期间呈极显著的负相关,并符合一元二次方程,相关指数R2大于0.993。在高温下培养3或8.h建立的预测预报回归方程,可以快速而准确地预测预报包膜控释肥料在常温下(25℃)的肥效期,预测值与实测值只相差2.4.d;而习惯上的微分溶出率法却相差29～42.d。表明用高温下的肥效期预测预报回归法可以在数小时内准确、迅速地预测控释肥料的肥效期。同时该方法可作为控释肥料在线生产质量控制和市场上控释肥料质量检验的候选方法。     

啤酒花CO_2萃余物中总黄酮的提取纯化工艺研究

研究了啤酒花CO2萃余物中总黄酮的提取纯化工艺。采用单因素试验确定乙醇体积分数、提取时间、提取温度和料液比对提取效果的影响;通过正交试验,得到最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数为60%,料液比为1∶30,温度为70℃,提取时间为90 min,在该提取条件下总黄酮质量分数为62.7 mg/g;经饱和的水正丁醇溶液萃取,可得到纯度为20.3%的黄酮提取物;经聚酰胺树脂分离纯化,可得到总黄酮纯度为62.2%的提取物。     

阴离子交换树脂对米糠植酸的吸附解吸性能

通过静态和动态试验研究了6种阴离子交换树脂对植酸的吸附与解吸性能.结果表明,D201树脂对植酸的吸附交换作用较好,且在pH值为2.2时吸附能力最强,静态吸附量达到94.54 mg/g,1.5 mol/L的NaOH溶液利于植酸解吸;Freundlich吸附等温方程可以较好地描述D201树脂对植酸的等温吸附,表明吸附在常温下进行即可;D201树脂对植酸的吸附过程符合Lagergren一级速率方程,表观吸附速率常数k与植酸起始植酸浓度呈负相关关系,与温度呈正相关关系.在D201树脂对植酸的动态吸附与解吸过程中,层析柱管径、上样液浓度、上样液流速和洗脱剂流速对吸附与解吸效果影响较大.