基于InVEST模型的祁连山国家级自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能

运用InVEST模型,对甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能进行了定量评估,分析了不同土地利用、海拔高度、坡度以及土壤类型下的保土状况。结果表明:2015年甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤侵蚀量与土壤保持量分别为1. 67×10^8t、4.21×10^8t。从侵蚀面积来看,保护区以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,占总面积的63.95%;虽草地的土壤保持能力弱于其他自然植被类型,但草地是土壤保持总量最高的土地利用类型;不同海拔梯度下的土壤保持总量随海拔增加呈现先增后减的趋势,保护区内海拔2 500~3 500 m的土壤保持功能最好;栗钙土的土壤保持量最高,黑毡土在草原土壤类型中土壤保持强度较低;坡度为15°~25°的区域土壤保持量最大,占土壤保持总量的31.93%;甘肃祁连山保护区生态系统减少泥沙淤积和减少土地废弃的价值分别为5. 76×10^8元和1. 44×10^8元,保护区内林草地保肥价值为9. 03×10^10元。     

庆阳地区黄花菜越冬覆盖水热效应研究

在西峰设置田间黄花菜越冬期地膜覆盖和玉米秸秆覆盖小区试验,观察越冬期土壤水分损耗、早春地温变化特征,并分析不同覆盖材料水、热资源对黄花菜发育期、生长量、产量构成要素的影响。结果发现:在秋季降水充沛、土壤底墒充足、冬季气温偏高、降水明显偏少的年型,越冬地膜覆盖能最大限度保持土壤水库蓄水,增加土壤水分利用率;提高春季地温,促使黄花菜生长发育进程加快,生长势旺盛,并在一定程度上降低春旱造成的危害,对增产增收十分有利。     

不同土壤水分条件下硅对坪用高羊茅种子出苗及生物学特性的影响

水肥耦合不仅可以维持草坪草的正常生长,而且可以减少一定的灌溉量。采用盆栽试验研究了不同土壤条件下硅对坪用高羊茅种子出苗及生长的影响。结果表明,不添加硅时,高羊茅种子适宜出苗时的土壤含水量应为饱和含水量的４５％～６０％,植株生长适宜的土壤含水量应为饱和含水量的７５％以上;当土壤含水量大于或等于饱和含水量的６０％时,添加硅不仅能够提前坪用高羊茅种子的初始出苗时间,缩短集中出苗时期,提高出苗率,而且能够显著促进高羊茅的株高和叶长生长,增加地上和地下生物量（P＜０．０５）,而当土壤含水量小于或者等于饱和含水量的４５％时,添加硅对高羊茅种子出苗和生长发育没有明显影响,说明添加硅对坪用高羊茅生长的有益作用受土壤含水量的约束;土壤含水量为饱和含水量的６０％时,添加硅处理中植株的分蘖数、株高、叶长和生物量与对照处理中土壤含水量为饱和含水量的７５％时植株的分蘖数、株高、叶长和生物量差异不显著,说明添加硅能降低高羊茅植株正常生长所需的土壤含水量,有利于节约灌溉量。     

石灰岩地区土壤水分对木豆表型可塑性的影响

研究了土壤相对含水量分别为27．65％,19．47％,12．14％和7．66％水分条件下木豆(Cajannus cajan)幼苗生长和形态的表型可塑性。结果表明：木豆幼苗的根、叶、茎生物量以及株高、冠幅直径都在土壤相对含水量为12．14％的条件下最高;随着土壤含水量的增加,分配到枝和根的生物量随之增加,分配到叶的生物量减少;当土壤相对含水量从7．66％升到12．14％时,须根数目增加,土壤相对含水量再提高时,情况则相反。这些结果说明木豆幼苗的适宜水分生态位是较干旱的土壤环境,木豆幼苗通过器官生物量分配和形态结构调整来适应干旱胁迫。     

Improved management of mango fruit though orchard and packinghouse treatments to reduce lenticel discoloration and prevent decay

Mango fruit are exposed to complex postharvest handling management, intended to improve postharvest quality retention during export shipment. Susceptibility to lenticel discoloration and to Alternaria side rots and Phomopsis stem-end rot under current handling conditions led us to re-evaluate and modify the chain of postharvest treatments, from the orchard to the packinghouse. The previously developed hot-water brushing (HWB) treatment was found effective in reducing incidence of Alternaria and stem-end rots, but it significantly induced development of red lenticels. Two factors were key to improving fruit quality, by simultaneously reducing lenticel discoloration and decay development: (a) postharvest water and/or NaOH washes in the orchard, and (b) hot-water spray (HWS) applied over rollers without brushes in the packinghouse. The present results indicate that optimal management involves combinations of water washes in the orchard with packinghouse HWS treatment; this significantly reduced the severity of lenticel discoloration by 50–60%, and the incidence and extent of postharvest side rots caused by Alternaria by 60% or more. These results indicate that appropriate handling of fruit can appreciably improve their quality during prolonged storage and shipment.     

灌区整体利益下水价模型研究

水资源的合理配置利用,就是在对水资源系统的运行和演化机理进行科学分析的基础上,促进用户进行节水.目前,水资源管理的主要措施大都集中在加强行政管理和水资源配置机制方面.开源节流、加强管理只能是解决问题的外因,水资源的合理配置问题,最好由用水者自己来解决,由用水者的利益激励机制来解决,这样才能从根本上解决水资源的短缺和低效率应用问题.利益激励的关键在于水价的制定,拟从数学和管理2个角度,从供水方和用水方的利益激励出发,提出了同时考虑供水方、用水方统一的数学模型,并对模型进行了求解,为灌区水资源定价提供了依据.最后,对该模型的进一步完善指出了研究方向.     

红树林土壤因子对土壤微生物数量的影响

研究海南清澜港红树林土壤微生物数量和8个土壤因子对微生物数量的影响,结果表明,红树林5~20cm 土层细菌数量达1.0×10°~12.9×10cfu/g（cfu∶colonyforming units）,放线菌数量达0.7×10'~19.0x 103cfu/g,真菌数量达0.5× 102~5.2×102cfu/g。逐步回归分析显示∶土壤pH、含水量、全磷量、全钾量明显影响土壤细菌的数量;土壤pH、有机质含量、有效钾含量明显影响放线菌的数量;土壤pH、全钾量明显影响真菌的数量。通过标准化回归系数分析（通径分析）,仅有土壤pH是影响细菌、放线菌数量的主要因子,其直接通径系数分别为0.88和1.15,并且两者都达显著水平∶全氮、速效钾通过土壤pH对细菌和放线菌数量的间接作用也比较大,两者对细菌数量的作用系数都为0.4,对放线菌数量的作用系数都为0.58.土壤pH对细菌、放线菌数量的影响作用可能与红树林土壤普遍偏酸的现象有关,而多数细菌、放线菌类群生长的最适pH为6~8.真菌的线性回归模型未达显著水平,未能运用通径分析法来估计土壤因子的影响作用。这可能因为多数真菌类群嗜酸（pH5~6）,而被调查的16个土样,有9个样品pH<5,有2个样品pH>6,土样pH的这种分布使其对真菌 数量的影响作用不能用线性模型来拟合。     

水权制度创新与西北地区水资源可持续利用

水权制度对水资源可持续利用具有显著的影响。基于产权经济学的理论 ,本文分析了西北地区现行水权制度中不利于水资源可持续利用的因素。结合西北地区水资源严重短缺的具体情况 ,从促进水资源可持续利用的角度 ,作者认为建立在公有水权基础上的可交易水权制度是西北地区水权制度创新的方向。提出了明确、清晰的界定水权、制定合理的水价和加强水资源市场管理等建议。     

Relation between Soil Health, Wave-like Fluctuations in Microbial Populations, and Soil-borne Plant Disease Management

A healthy soil is often defined as a stable soil system with high levels of biological diversity and activity, internal nutrient cycling, and resilience to disturbance. This implies that microbial fluctuations after a disturbance would dampen more quickly in a healthy than in a chronically damaged and biologically impoverished soil. Soil could be disturbed by various processes, for example addition of a nutrient source, tillage, or drying-rewetting. As a result of any disturbance, the numbers of heterotrophic bacteria and of individual species start to oscillate, both in time and space. The oscillations appear as moving waves along the path of a moving nutrient source such as a root tip. The phase and period for different trophic groups and species of bacteria may be shifted indicating that succession occurs. DGGE, Biolog and FAME analysis of subsequent populations in oscillation have confirmed that there is a cyclic succession in microbial communities. Microbial diversity oscillates in opposite direction from oscillations in microbial populations. In a healthy soil, the amplitudes of these oscillations will be small, but the background levels of microbial diversity and activity are high, so that soil-borne diseases will face more competitors and antagonists. However, soil-borne pathogens and antagonists alike will fluctuate in time and space as a result of growing plant roots and other disturbances, and the periods and phases of the oscillations may vary. As a consequence, biological control by members of a single trophic group or species may never be complete, as pathogens will encounter varying populations of the biocontrol agent on the root surface. A mixture of different trophic groups may provide more complete biological control because peaks of different trophic groups occur at subsequent locations along a root. Alternatively, regular addition of soil organic matter may increase background levels of microbial activity, increase nutrient cycling, lower the concentrations of easily available nutrient sources, increase microbial diversity, and enhance natural disease suppression.