烘箱加热法测定森林土壤有机质的研究

采用烘箱加热法测定东北地区地带性土壤暗棕色森林土有机质含量,结果表明:测定最佳加热时间为30 min,最适宜加热温度为150℃,最适宜重铬酸钾浓度为1.2 mol·L~(-1)。烘箱加热法适宜测定有机质含量较高的土壤。     

玉米品种的耐瘠性研究

选取贵州地区广泛种植的具有较好耐瘠高产特性的12个玉米品种,利用在中低肥力土上筛选出耐瘠性强的品种和在高肥力土上展现出较高的产量空间的方法,采取与生产相近的条件,筛选出了适合黔中地区推广的耐瘠优质的玉米品种遵玉8号、农大108和黔单16号等.利用耐瘠与不耐瘠玉米在主要性状上的对比鉴定,找出了与玉米耐瘠相关的根数、根系体积、根重和地上部鲜重等几个指标,为耐瘠玉米的评价建立了一定的基础.     

Soil Quality Assessment of Acid Sulfate Paddy Soils with Different Productivities in Guangdong Province,China

Land conversion is considered an effective measure to ensure national food security in China, but little information is available on the quality of low productivity soils, in particular those in acid sulfate soil regions. In our study, acid sulfate paddy soils were divided into soils with high, medium and low levels based on local rice productivity, and 60 soil samples were collected for analysis. Twenty soil variables including physical, chemical and biochemical properties were determined. Those variables that were significantly different between the high, medium and low productivity soils were selected for principal component analysis, and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), total nitrogen (TN), available silicon (ASi), pH and available zinc (AZn) were retained in the minimum data set (MDS). After scoring the MDS variables, they were integrated to calculate a soil quality index (SQI), and the high, medium and low productivity paddy soils received mean SQI scores of 0.95, 0.83 and 0.60, respectively. Low productivity paddy soils showed worse soil quality, and a large discrepancy was observed between the low and high productivity paddy soils. Lower MBC, TN, ASi, pH and available K (AK) were considered as the primary limiting factors. Additionally, all the soil samples collected were rich in available P and AZn, but deficient in AK and ASi. The results suggest that soil AK and ASi deficiencies were the main limiting factors for all the studied acid sulfate paddy soil regions. The application of K and Si on a national basis and other sustainable management approaches are suggested to improve rice productivity, especially for low productivity paddy soils. Our results indicated that there is a large potential for increasing productivity and producing more cereals in acid sulfate paddy soil regions.     

抗真菌转基因水稻根际土壤真菌群落结构的动态变化

以非转基因水稻"七丝软粘"为对照,采用传统平板计数法和变性梯度凝胶电泳技术,研究了抗真菌转基因水稻"转品1"和"转品8"生长周期内对根际土壤中可培养真菌数和真菌群落结构的影响。结果显示,相同生育期转基因水稻根际土壤可培养真菌数量与其非转基因对照水稻相比较无显著性差异,表明转基因水稻的种植没有对根际土壤真菌数量产生明显影响;18S rRNA真菌群落DGGE图谱分析显示,相同生育期转基因水稻与其非转基因对照水稻的根际土壤真菌DGGE条带数量和条带位置均无显著性差异,表明转基因水稻的种植没有对根际土壤真菌群落结构产生明显影响。进一步分析相同生育期转基因水稻与其非转基因对照水稻的根际土壤真菌群落香农多样性指数(Shannon diversity index)和均匀度指数(Evenness index)的动态变化,发现两者均没有显著性差异。以上研究结果表明,外源抗真菌基因的导入对水稻根际土壤中真菌群落数量和群落结构均没有明显影响。此外,将不同位置的真菌DGGE条带切胶回收,克隆、测序后,进行系统进化树分析,结果表明根际土壤真菌群落主要归属为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)和未知真菌(unknown fungi)5个类群。     

供氮方式对冬马铃薯氮肥利用效率及氮素去向的影响

以马铃薯费乌瑞它为试材,采用田间微区~(15)N示踪技术,研究施N量160kg·hm~(-2)全部基施(T1)、55%基施+45%在齐苗期追施(T2)、55%基施+30%在齐苗期追施+15%在现蕾期追施(T3)3种方式,对冬马铃薯氮肥利用效率及去向的影响。结果表明:马铃薯吸收的N约46%~52%来源于当季施用的氮肥,48%~54%来自土壤和种薯;肥料N利用率为35.16%~39.99%,残留率为47.71%~51.78%,损失率为8.23%~15.50%。3种施氮方式下,肥料N主要残留在0~15cm土层。随施氮时间后移,肥料N残留在0~15cm土层呈上升趋势,在15~45cm土层呈下降趋势。施氮方式对马铃薯干物质积累总量和块茎干物质积累量影响不明显,但T3肥料N利用率、肥料N残留率明显大于T1、T2。因此,综合经济效益和环境效益,T3施氮方式的效果较为理想。本研究为马铃薯氮素养分的有效管理提供了指导依据。     

四川盆南紫色土颗粒及化学组成的研究

四川盆南紫色土颗粒深受母质的影响,红棕紫泥和灰棕紫泥具有适宜的颗粒组成。紫色土粘粒矿物以伊利石为主,其中的一部份是在土壤形成过程中形成的。红紫泥具有明显的富铁铝化过程。     

Short-Time Response of Microbial Communities to Waste Compost Amendment of an Intensive Cultivated Soil in Southern Italy

In an intensely cultivated soil in southern Italy, the effects of municipal waste compost on soil activities (basal respiration, β-glucosidase, and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis), Biolog functional diversity, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were estimated in a short period following amendment. Treatment with compost at 30 t ha^?1 (dry matter) was compared to mineral fertilization and untreated soil. In these poor soils, organic amendment allowed the rapid recovery of an active and biodiverse soil community. While the addition of compost increased all microbial activities and EC, the pH did not change. Conversely, metabolic activity that was positively correlated to FDA hydrolysis rate initially was enhanced by compost but decreased with time and disappeared at the end of the incubation. Results indicated that waste compost amendments affected microbial activities, both at global and functional levels, favoring a rapid return of biological factors of fertility.     

双季晚稻测土配方施肥效果探讨

通过2012年在漳平市对双季晚稻采用配方施肥、习惯施肥和空白对照试验,结果得到水稻产量配方施肥区>习惯施肥区>空白区,实施测土配方施肥有利于提高水稻产量及经济效益。     

高寒区轮作模式对当归田土壤特性及药材产量的影响

连作重茬造成当归产量逐年下降。采用药用植物秦艽(QJ)、羌活(QH)轮作当归(DG),以当归连作为对照,通过测定土壤和药材产量指标,利用主成分分析确定各指标权重,并结合隶属综合因子分析和聚类分析,旨在揭示不同药用作物轮作当归对土壤环境与药材产量的影响,为筛选适宜当归栽培的轮作模式提供科学依据。结果表明,不同作物轮作对当归田土壤特性和药材产量均具有显著影响,秦艽轮作当归可有效改善土壤特性,使当归成药期土壤磷和钾含量处于较低水平,而有机质维持在较高水平,对土壤水分的季节调控作用更为显著,与当归连作相比较,当归成药率提高94.10%,药材单根鲜重和药材鲜产量分别提高53.46%和125.56%,而羌活轮作当归土壤pH最高,有机质含量最低,当归连作土壤有机质含量虽高,但土壤富集磷和钾,对土壤水分季节性调控作用最小,当归成药率和药材产量均低。不同轮作模式当归成药率和药材产量依次为秦艽-当归>当归-当归>羌活-当归,综合指数大小依次为秦艽-当归(0.8132)>羌活-当归(0.3315)>当归连作(0.2051)。聚类分析将3种轮作模式分为三大类,重复小区亚类间距离均小,说明不同作物轮作对土壤的调控作用不同,高寒产区秦艽轮作当归是优化调控土壤环境,提高当归产出性能的有效轮作模式。     

基于土壤液化原理的荸荠采收船的研究

荸荠的生长环境特殊,收获仍旧采用传统手工挖掘,劳动效率低,劳动强度大,难以挖净,而薯类收获机械又难以适应水田荸荠的收获,通过对荸荠生长地的土壤成分分析,基于土壤液化原理,搭建了小型实验平台,对荸荠挖掘机理进行了试验模拟。提出了一套适用于水田作物荸荠机械挖掘、筛分的流程,并对挖掘原理进行了实验探究。根据实验数据分析,获得了影响荸荠收获的主要因素。研究表明利用土壤液化原理可以使砂壤土液化,为该原理用于荸荠采收提供依据,为荸荠挖掘机样机的试制提供设计参考。