The effects of stubble burning and tillage on soil carbon sequestration and crop productivity in southeastern Australia

Abstract. In Australia, stubble burning and tillage are two of the major processes responsible for the decline of soil organic carbon concentration in cropped soils, and the resulting soil degradation. However, the relative importance of these two practices in influencing the soil organic carbon concentration and the long-term impact on soil quality and productivity are not clear. The effects of stubble burning as practised by farmers in southeastern Australia were evaluated in two field trials, one of 19 years duration, the other of 5 years. Conventional tillage (three tillage passes) led to greater loss of soil organic carbon than stubble burning. Loss of total soil organic carbon attributed to stubble burning in the 0–10 cm layer was estimated to be 1.75 t C ha⁻¹ over the period of the 19-year trial, equivalent to 29% of that lost due to tillage. In the 5-year trial, no change in soil organic carbon due to stubble burning was detectable. Changes in soil quality associated with stubble burning detected in the longer trial included a reduction in macro-aggregate stability, and increases in pH and exchangeable K⁺. Only the latter two were detected in the shorter trial. A higher mean wheat yield (average 0.15 t ha⁻¹) following stubble burning was observed in the 19-year trial but not in the 5-year trial. Research to monitor the longer term effects of stubble burning is needed, and to identify conditions where loss of soil organic carbon is minimized.     

Issues and Some Strategies of Sustainable Development of Black Soil Resources in Black Soil Zone in Northeast China

黑土资源是世界的稀缺资源,黑土带的水土流失、环境污染、土地流转、土地退化问题成为黑土资源可持续发展的障碍。根据实地调研结合资料,分析了东北黑土带土地资源可持续发展的主要问题;提出了黑土资源的可持续发展对策,即:加强农业发展规划;保护黑土区耕地,农耕技术上改进,加强农田基本建设等。     

福建土壤对酸沉降的相对敏感性评价与区划

选择母岩、土壤类型、土地利用和降雨量 4个生态因子 ,应用半定量化方法对其进行类目划分和权重 ,综合评价了福建省土壤对酸沉降的相对敏感性 ,并应用地理信息系统进行了区划 .由于福建省风化缓慢的硅质岩所占的比例较大 ,土壤大多呈酸性至微酸性反应 ,降水丰富 ,加之针叶林面积大 ,所以全省有 60 %以上面积的土壤显示出较大的敏感性等级 (5～ 7级 )     

Residue management for reducing evaporation in relation to soil type and evaporativity1

Abstract. Usual residue-management options are to remove the residue, use it as mulch with or without undercutting or to incorporate it into the soil. While the role of surface mulch in evaporation has been widely studied, the information on the effect on evaporation of mulch with undercutting or residue incorporated into soil, particularly in relation to soil type and evaporativity (E_o) is lacking. We studied the effect of wheat straw used in various ways on the course of evaporation loss from soil columns with three soils at Ludhiana, India and one soil at Bushland, Texas, USA, under two E_o's Energy-limited evaporation rates under mulch (E_om) followed the soil-specific relation E_om/E_o= a e^(bRes+cEo), where Res is residue rate t/ha and a, b and c are constants; E_o, is expressed in mm/d. In an effort to model the total evaporation (CE) during the energy-limited stage ‘U’ was obtained from appropriate CE versus time curves and (CE-U) was regressed over (t - ti)^0.5 to obtain the slope ‘α’ (Ritchie 1972) for the soil-limited evaporation stage. The observed ‘U’ was independent of mulch rate and E_o but was strongly affected by soil type, Values of ‘α’ decreased with increase in mulch rate and decrease in E_o and coarseness of soil. The otherwise short lived benefit of evaporation reduction with mulch per se, which peaked after a few days was maintained when residue was mixed with soil at the stage when evaporation reduction reached a maximum; this benefit continued for several weeks. Cumulative evaporation values computed from ‘U’ and ‘α’ agreed closely with the observed values under straw mulch for loamy sand and clay loam soils and for ‘undercut’ and ‘residue mixed’ treatments on all soils regardless of E_o, and for all situations under small E_o. However, for sandy loam and silt loam soils under E_o of 10 mm/d, the modified square root of the time function of Jalota et al. (1988) gave a better fit.     

重迎茬亚麻生长发育障碍机制的研究

重迎茬亚麻减产是由多种因素综合作用的结果,亚麻重迎茬可使病害加重是最主要因素,重茬年限越久发病越严重;重迎茬造成了土壤营养元素的单一消耗,随着重迎茬年限的增加,土壤中速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等含量降低。     

不同环境条件下几种高寒草甸植物的非克隆繁殖投入和生长

通过对高寒草甸生态系统金露梅灌丛、矮嵩草草甸、围栏矮嵩草草甸以及模拟地球增温效应下5种植物繁殖投入和生长特性的测定,结果表明,矮嵩草、麻花艽、苔草以及美丽风毛菊的叶长沿对照矮嵩草草甸、0TC、围栏以及金露梅灌丛呈现上升趋势,只是灌丛中苔草和麻花艽两种植物的叶长较围栏和OTC有所下降,而环境变化对植物的叶宽的影响较小。苔草在金露梅灌丛中的繁殖投入最大,其次是矮嵩草草甸和围栏,OTC中苔草的繁殖投入几乎为零。围栏与矮嵩草草甸内苔草的繁殖投入差异不显著,而两者中植物的繁殖投入与金露梅灌丛相比,差异性显著(P<0.05)。矮火绒草在矮嵩草草甸中的繁殖投入最大,其次是0Tc和围栏,灌丛中矮火绒草的繁殖投入最小。OTC与矮嵩草草甸内矮火绒草的繁殖投入差异不显著,而OTC与围栏中矮火绒草的繁殖投入差异性显著(P<0.05)。由此我们可以得出一个结论:繁殖投入随环境梯度的变化,反映了植物繁殖对策和繁殖投入在整个生活史特征中的可塑性。     

浙江淳安新安江开发公司封山育林效益研究

浙江省淳安县新安江开发公司所属16个国营林场22475.53hm~3荒山迹地,封山育林30年,现有天然次生林总蓄积量135万m~3,年总生长率8.07％,活立木直接经济价值2.25亿元。到1987年止公司已获中间利用净收入2135万元。近20年累计天然次生林比无林地多涵蓄水10亿m~3,每年进入水库的泥沙量减少80％,对调节水库水源、延长发电年限、纯洁水质都起到良好作用。公司长期实施的5项管护技术,把封山育林提高到科学经营水平,在千岛湖区成功地建立了森林生态屏障。     

覆盖免耕在休闲期的节水和生育期的调温效应

对免耕覆盖、秸秆还田和常规耕作在休闲期的节水效果研究表明:在夏季休闲期,免耕覆盖比常规耕作多贮水30.62mm,比秸秆还田多23.91mm;在冬季储水灌溉期间,可将储水定额从2100m3/hm2减少到600和975m3/hm2。对春小麦生育期土壤表层,5、10、15、20和25cm处温度变化观测发现:免耕覆盖土壤温度在气温较低的8:00可以提高土壤表层温度,在气温较高的14:00可以减缓土壤温度的升高,而在19:00气温降低时可以减缓土壤温度的降低,使土壤温度一直保持在一个稳定的状态,这有利于调节农田小气候,创造作物良好的生长环境。