地表微地形测量及定量化方法研究综述

地表微地形测量是地表粗糙度定量化的基础,对地表形态动态监测、水文过程模拟以及土壤侵蚀过程模型的构建具有重要意义。目前,微地形测量方法主要分为接触式和非接触式2大类,前者包括测针法、链条法、差分GPS法等,后者包括超声波测距法、红外线传感器法、结构光激光扫描法、激光测距扫描法、三维激光扫描仪法、近景摄影测量法等。在全面回顾各方法原理、优缺点及其应用的基础上,分析地表粗糙度定量化常用方法：统计方法指数、地统计学指数和分形及多重分形模型。认为：1）差分GPS法、结构光激光扫描法、三维激光扫描仪法和近景摄影测量法将在亚毫米一,厘米级地表微地形测量及地表粗糙度多尺度特征研究中发挥重要作用,同时简单、方便的测针法可能在野外测量中依然占据主导地位;2）以地表微地形测量技术为基础,在土壤侵蚀过程模型中亟需形成一套完整的“测量一定量化一模型应用”范式,同时应加强对地表微地形空间异质性和各向异性的研究,发展新的统一的地表粗糙度定量化方法。     

有机肥质量分数对土壤导水率稳定性的影响

饱和导水率是水循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,也是土壤结构改善的重要指标.通过室内土柱模拟实验研究有机肥添加量对风沙土和壤土导水率的影响.土壤添加有机肥的比例设置为0％、5％、10％、15％、20％、25％、30％7个水平,土壤密度设3个水平,各处理5个重复.结果表明：1）土壤饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈降低趋势,风沙土的饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈直线下降趋势,而壤土饱和导水率的降低趋势随有机肥质量分数的增加减缓;2）有机肥质量分数的增加对土壤密度的降低作用可以抵消有机肥增加导致的饱和导水率的降低;3）低土壤密度下土壤导水率随时间变化不稳定,土壤密度增大后随时间变化稳定.随着有机肥质量分数的增加,土壤导水率的测定过程趋于稳定,但是测定时间延长.     

东北黑土区TDR测定农田土壤含水量的室内标定

土壤水分标定是利用TDR监测农田土壤水分过程中的必要环节.以东北黑土区农田土壤剖面深度上的4种典型介质（黑土层、母质层、过渡层、砂砾层）为试验对象,利用“由湿到干”的土柱试验方法,用烘干法对TDR进行室内标定研究.结果表明：1）TDR内置土壤标定曲线测定的含水量明显低于烘干法测量的含水量.在TDR法土壤含水量标定时,指数关系比线性关系具有更高的标定精度.2）单一介质的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线对自身介质的标定精度高（最大绝对误差3.2％）.3）混合介质的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线的标定精度较高（最大绝对误差6.6％）,可用于不同介质TDR法土壤含水量标定.本研究结果可用于研究区及类似区域修订TDR法含水量测定结果.     

秦巴山区耕层土壤微量元素空间特征及影响因子——以镇巴县为例

为充分了解与掌握秦巴山区耕层土壤微量元素现状、空间分布规律及其影响因素,为区域土壤微量元素的科学管理及土壤微肥应用提供理论依据和实践指导,以镇巴县为例,基于2010年陕西省耕地地力调查与质量评价项目数据,采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,研究秦巴山区耕层土壤有效态Fe、有效态Mn、有效态Cu和有效态Zn的空间特征及其影响因素.结果表明：1）镇巴县耕层土壤有效态Fe、Mn和Cu均属中等变异强度,变异系数介于81.38％～97.57％之间,有效态Zn属强变异强度,变异系数为117.09％;2）空间特征上,根据块金系数值,4种微量元素均表现为中等强度的空间相关性,县域质量分数的空间分布呈南部高、西部低格局,空间变异性是由自然因素（土壤理化性质、地形地貌和常年降水量等）和人为因素（作物熟制和村距等）共同作用而引起的;3）镇巴县耕层土壤整体有效态Cu和Fe质量分数丰富,Zn质量分数适宜,19.14％ Mn缺乏（＜5 mg/kg）,需结合不同的耕作制度、土壤类型及其质量分数丰缺水平进行分区培肥与管理.     

水土保持生态自然修复与生态文明建设

水土资源是人类发展与文明的根基,如何整治日趋恶化的生态环境、防止水土流失、恢复和重建受损的生态系统成为生态文明建设的关键.水土保持生态自然修复是一个费省效宏的水土流失综合防治办法,水土保持生态修复是实现资源节约型、环境友好型社会的重要途径,也是建设生态文明与美丽中国目标实现的重要载体.在分析水土保持生态自然修复与生态文明建设相互关系的基础上,概括我国水土保持生态自然修复的成效与经验,明确水土保持生态自然修复工作需要亟待加强的几个领域,提出未来实施水土保持生态自然修复工作的若干发展策略.     

发酵脱氢产氢过程对微生物铁还原的影响

发酵型微生物是铁还原菌中的主要类群,但其发酵产氢过程对铁还原的作用尚不清楚,为此采用接种水稻土浸提液混合培养的方法对微生物分别利用葡萄糖、丙酮酸盐和乳酸盐为碳源时,Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程中脱氢酶活性变化、培养体系pH、氢气分压及铁还原特征进行分析,探讨了发酵微生物脱氢产氢过程与微生物Fe（Ⅲ）还原的内在关系。结果表明：2种水稻土浸提液中的微生物均能够以葡萄糖为优势碳源进行脱氢、产氢及还原氧化铁,Fe（OH）,可以诱导脱氢酶的产生,利用葡萄糖时脱氢酶活性在厌氧培养的4-6d出现最大峰值,利用丙酮酸盐和乳酸盐时脱氢酶活性出现峰值的时间分别为培养的15d和21-22d,脱氢酶活性出现峰值的时间与最大铁还原速率Vmax显著负相关、与最大反应速率对应的时间zk存在显著正相关关系。脱氢产氢过程中产生的H＋导致培养体系pH的变化是影响铁还原过程的主要原因,培养体系pH与体系氢气分压及Fe（Ⅱ）累积量呈极显著负相关。微生物利用不同碳源产氢时,利用葡萄糖的产氢能力最高,丙酮酸盐次之,乳酸盐最低。Fe（OH）3的加入增加了氢气的消耗量,培养体系氢气分压与Fe（Ⅱ）累积量存在极显著正相关关系。     

Absorption spectra of humic acids

For the purpose of explaining the forming process of soil humic acids, the author determined the absorption spectra of various humic acids. From soils and peats which were pretreated with 5% HCl at 70°C for 30 minutes or from those which were not, humic acids were extracted by treating with 0.5% NaOH at boiling temperature for 30 minutes. In these humic acids, the one which is extracted after acid pretreatment is provisionally designated as SrL humic acid and the other as L humic acid. The supernatant alkaline solutions obtained by centrifuging the above mentioned extracts were acidified with hydrochloric acid, and precipitated humic acids were filtered and washed with water until Cl' free. Humic acids were dissolved in 0.1% NaOH and ultrafiltered using collodion membrane. The filtrates were acidified with hydrochloric acid and humic acids were collected by centrifuging, transferred on the filter paper, washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and water successively, then air-dried and pulverized.     

Nitrogen nutrition,leaf resistance,and leaf photosynthetic rate of the rice plant

The evidence that indicates a close association between nitrogen nutrition and the Photosynthetic rate of single rice leaves (Table 1) shows that the photosynthetic rate is related to the nitrogen content on a dry weight basis or on a leaf area basis, Photosynthesis of single leaves can be analyzed in terms of a series of diffusion resistances, i.e., stomatal, mesophyll, and carboxylation (1, 3, 6). Nitrogen nutrition may affect either one of these or more than two at the same time. Nitrogen nutrition affects mainly the mesophyll resistance, and the stomatal resistance to a lesser extent, in cotton, beans, and maize (10) while it affects both the stomatal and mesophyll resistance in sugar beet (8).     

Changes in the microbial community structure in soils treated with a mixture of glucose and peptone with reference to the respiratory quinone profile

Based on the respiratory quinone profile, changes in the structure of microbial communities in the soil samples from Nagoya University Farm were monitored after the treatment with 1% of a mixture of glucose and peptone. Samples of two soils differing in the fertilization history were examined: CF-soil with the application of only chemical fertilizers and FYM-soil with the application of only farmyard manure at a high rate. In the CF-soil, the amount of water-soluble organic carbon (WOC), indicator of the mixture of glucose and peptone, decreased to the original level after 14 d. After 7 d, the soil pH reached the maximum level, then decreased gradually. Changes in the inorganic nitrogen levels in the water extract also reflected the 14-d period of mineralization. The amount of respiratory quinones reached maximum levels after 7 d and gradually decreased, reflecting the changes in the microbial biomass. The quinone composition significantly changed during the 14-d period and returned to a profile similar to the original one after 28 d. Diversity of quinones significantly decreased during the 14-d period due to the predominance of ubiquinone with 9 isoprenoid units. In the FYM-soil, the amount of WOC decreased to the original level after 1 d, and the pH and inorganic nitrogen levels in the water extract reflected the one-day mineralization period, and nitrification started after 3 d. Although the amount of quinones indicated an increase in the microbial biomass for 14 d, the quinone composition did not change. These findings suggested that long-term application of farmyard manure resulted in stable microbial communities in response to the incorporation of organic matter in soil.     

Soil Redistribution investigations by combined use of soil 137Cs and selected chemical properties

Abstract

To improve the methods of application of phosphorus or supply of soil P to Azolla (A. microphylld), basal application, split application, inoculation of P-enriched Azolla, and soil disturbance were compared. Soil disturbance did not increase the floodwater P content. Phosphorus was applied to inoculum production plots to enrich Azolla with P. Thus, phosphorus-enriched Azolla could multiply 5–7 times after inoculation until it became P deficient. Trials on the methods of enrichment of Azolla with P showed that the best method was to broadcast twice 4.33 kg P (10 kg P₂O₅/ha) at 2-day intervals and to harvest Azolla 3 days after P application. Addition of P once or twice 2 weeks after the inoculation of P-enriched Azolla further increased the biomass production. Efficiency of P application was analyzed in terms of N gain in relation to the amount of P applied. This ratio in the P-enriched Azolla treatment was higher than the economically sound ratio -5-, and higher than or equal to that in the standard split application.