果寡糖对猪粪便细菌群作用下L-色氨酸代谢的影响

本试验研究了果寡糖对猪粪便细菌群作用下L -色氨酸代谢的影响。将 10 % (W/V)粪水厌氧分装于无菌瓶中 ,分成 4组 :1组 (对照 )添加 2 5 0 μmol/LL -色氨酸 ;2～ 4组 :分别在对照组的基础上添加 0 .5 % ,1.0 %和 1.5 %果寡糖。 38℃、厌氧培养。在培养期的不同时间点 (0 ,2 ,4 ,6 ,8,12 ,18,2 4h)分别从各瓶中取 1mL培养液 ,分析各培养液中吲哚类物质含量。培养 2 4h后 ,分析各培养液中细菌学指标和pH。结果表明 :含L -色氨酸的体外培养液中添加 0 .5 % ,1.0 %和 1.5 %果寡糖 ,培养 2 4h后 ,使粪臭素浓度、吲哚 - 3-乙酸峰值和pH值均显著降低。添加1.0 %和 1.5 %果寡糖显著降低色氨酸降解率和粪臭素相对产率 ,显著提高吲哚相对产率 ,显著降低梭菌和大肠杆菌数 ,显著增加双歧杆菌和总厌氧菌数。     

重庆市近郊区县鸭传染性浆膜炎病病原分离鉴定及防治

通过对重庆近郊的沙坪坝区、北碚区、九龙坡区、永川市、璧山县、铜梁县的7个养鸭场病死鸭的病原分离,分离到三株细菌,经染色镜检、生化鉴定、动物回归实验,确诊为鸭里氏杆菌。药敏试验结果显示对庆大霉素、青霉素、链霉素、土霉素等高度敏感。在临床上交替使用这些药物,收到较好治疗效果。将分离菌制成灭活苗免疫1周龄的健康鸭,20日龄时用分离菌进行攻毒,平均保护率达83.3%。     

纤维素酶渣替代黄豆饲喂杂交奶牛试验

采用纤维素酶渣替代黄豆对西黄杂奶牛(西门塔尔×本地黄牛)作饲喂对比试验,并对其产奶量及奶品质进行观察。结果表明:试验组比对照组牛日产奶量平均提高1 88kg,其乳蛋白和乳糖含量也有不同程度的提高。     

The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.     

不同水分条件下椰壳炭施用对稻田土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响

以热带稻田土壤为研究对象,利用室内短期恒温(25°C)培养探讨好氧和淹水条件下椰壳炭不同施用量(0%、2%和5%(w/w))对土壤性质和微生物群落的影响。结果表明：①培养35 d后,好氧和淹水条件下增施2% 和5% 椰壳炭均提升土壤pH,增幅分别为20%、39%和31%、32%。好氧下土壤脲酶活性增加121% 和75%,酸性磷酸酶活性降低10% 和49%,碱性磷酸酶活性提高39% 和39%;淹水下脲酶活性减少12% 和45%,酸性磷酸酶活性降低3% 和14%,碱性磷酸酶活性增加133% 和105%。②增施2% 和5% 椰壳炭时,好氧下土壤细菌和真菌香农指数均降低,但淹水时增加。好氧下变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)丰度提高,增幅分别为2%、54%,51%、47% 和94%、82%;淹水下酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)丰度增加,增幅分别为3%、20%,14%、18% 和38%、37%;同时好氧和淹水下土壤担子菌门(Basidiomycota)丰度均下降,降幅分别为68%、70% 和68%、76%,并且淹水下壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)和罗兹菌门(Rozellomycota)丰度增加。该研究结果可为椰壳炭对稻田土壤改良及其推广应用提供参考。     

基于NGO-CNN-SVM的高标准农田灌溉工程施工成本预测

为提高高标准农田项目施工成本的预测精度,控制施工成本在合理范围,减少投资风险,该研究从单体灌溉工程施工成本预测角度出发,通过随机森林（random forest,RF）筛选出高标准农田灌溉工程施工成本的关键影响因素,结合卷积神经网络（convolutional neural networks,CNN）和支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）两种模型的优点,通过北方苍鹰优化算法（northern goshawk optimization,NGO）对模型里的惩罚因子和核参数进行寻优,构建基于NGO-CNN-SVM的施工成本预测模型。通过辽宁省2018—2023年高标准农田工程中灌溉工程的施工成本数据,选取样本决定系数R²、平均绝对误差MAE、平均绝对百分比误差MAPE和均方根误差RMSE作为精度指标进行分析,结果表明：基于NGO-CNN-SVM的施工成本预测模型在渠道工程中MAE低于0.615万元,RMSE低于0.512万元,R²达到0.968以上,相对误差小于4.210%;在进水闸工程中MAE低于0.610万元,RMSE低于0.536万元,R²达到0.966以上,相对误差小于4.410%;在桥涵工程中MAE低于0.494万元,RMSE低于0.477万元,R²达到0.970以上,相对误差小于3.548%,并相比较于反向传播神经网络,CNN和CNN-SVM模型,NGO-CNN-SVM模型的预测结果均最优。通过特征选择、模型融合、算法优化以及不同模型对比表明NGO-CNN-SVM模型具有更高的预测准确率和泛化性,可为高标准农田灌溉工程施工成本预测提供理论依据。     

湖南小溪国家级自然保护区生态旅游资源的SWOT分析

对湖南小溪国家级自然保护区进行了生态旅游资源的SWOT分析,其优势是:良好的原始次森林和高品位的自然资源、森林浴的理想场所、优秀独特的人文资源、丰富的植物基因库存.但是可进入性差、知名度低、接待设施及能力较差.周边存在张家界国家森林公园和栖凤湖风景区的竞争威胁.分析了发展机会.     

云南哀牢山自然保护区南华片区项目建设必要性分析

对哀牢山国家级自然保护区南华片区的生物多样性、经营现状和经营管理进行评价,对项目建设必要性分析结果:项目建设有利于该保护区的整体效应;有利于对珍稀植物物种和生态系统的保护;有利于对候鸟迁徙通道的保护;有利于社会经济的可持续发展;是加强科研和宣教工作的需要。最后阐述了项目建设的主要内容。     

湖北薤山自然保护区两栖爬行动物多样性调查

2005年8月对湖北省薤山自然保护区的两栖动物和爬行动物进行了专项调查.分别记录到两栖动物21种,隶属于2目8科;爬行动物31种,隶属于2目9科.对它们的物种组成、地理区系特点和保护等级进行了研究,并提出了保护建议.     

马尾松胶合板材用材林优良家系生长与物理力学性质的研究

通过对不同家系马尾松的生长和物理力学性质研究,结果表明,采用经过遗传改良的良种造林,能使马尾松人工林生产力大大提高,从而缩短大径材的培育年限,达到良好的增产效果,提高经济效益.结合材性分析结果,培育优质胶合板材的马尾松优良家系主要有建瓯南雅-24、建瓯川石-3、连城-48、龙岩-61、南平-85、南平-86、连城-50、建瓯川石-4家系.