基于斜率-截距校正算法的番茄营养液ISE监测

利用斜率-截距校正算法(SBC)解决离子选择电极连续在线测量电势漂移问题,结合Nernst线性模型预测无土栽培番茄苗期至果期营养液NO3-N、K+、Ca2+含量变化。结果表明:SBC校正算法可有效减少离子选择电极(ISE)电势漂移,提高线性预测模型重复性,校正后ISE响应斜率漂移范围不超过0.4 m V/decade,截距漂移范围可控制在1 m V以内。SBC校正算法可提高Nernst线性模型预测精度,NO3-N、K+、Ca2+含量预测平均相对误差分别从校正前的43.31%、38.46%、93.83%降至校正后的5.99%、7.44%、27.96%。校正后ISE可实现番茄营养液在线连续监测,反映营养液中目标离子含量变化。番茄花期养分吸收较活跃,NO3-N、K+、Ca2+含量分别下降45.19%、36.46%和27.92%。     

Forest recovery after clear-cutting in Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis) plantations of North China

In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis). This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of recruits during the natural recruitment. Both plot survey and the spatial point-pattern analysis were performed. Five developmental stages of natural recruitment were selected and studied, including 1 year before and 2, 5, 8, and 11 years after clear-cutting. Different slope aspects were also included. Natural recruitment was always dominated by Chinese pine with a proportion of higher than 90%. For plots of 1 year before clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, recruit densities were 7886 and 5036 stems/hm2, the average heights were 0.78(±0.85) and 1.06(±1.15) m, and the average diameters at breast height(DBH) were 3.21(±1.38) and 2.91(±1.38) cm, respectively. After clear-cutting, recruit density was initially increased, then it was gradually declined with time; however, the variation of average DBH was contrary to that of recruit density. Both of them were no longer varied between 8 and 11 years after clear-cutting. The average height of recruits continued to increase after clear-cutting. For the plots of 11 years after clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, average heights of recruits reached 2.00(±1.14) and 2.24(±1.20) m, respectively. The statuses of recruits on north-facing slopes were better than those on east-facing slopes after clear-cutting. Meanwhile, recruits on east-facing slopes were always aggregated at small scales, while spatial pattern of recruits varied with time on north-facing slopes. Moreover, forest was recovered more quickly by natural recruitment than by artificial afforestation after clear-cutting. The structural diversity was higher in naturally regenerated forests than in plantations of the same age. Our results demonstrated that clear-cutting of Chinese pine plantations recovered by natural recruitment has the potential to be an effective approach for establishing multifunctional forest.     

红壤坡地柑桔园长期试验下水沙动态变化特征分析

以红壤清耕柑桔园坡地为对象,研究其长期定位试验下2001—2015年径流和泥沙流失量的动态变化过程以及坡面水沙与降雨关系的变异特征。结果表明:幼树期是红壤清耕柑桔园水土保持防治的关键期,该时期的土壤侵蚀程度达到极强烈,而盛果期侵蚀强度可降低到区域土壤容许流失量以下。柑桔树从幼树期、初果期到盛果期,坡面年径流量和土壤侵蚀模数均呈显著幂函数下降趋势,在盛果期趋于稳定。果树坡面水沙与降雨的关系均在第4年发生了突变,而裸露坡面水沙与降雨关系没有发生突变。柑桔园各年的减沙效益均大于减水效益,减流、减沙效益均随着时间表现出先快速增加后维持相对稳定的指数函数关系,这表明免耕果树的减流、减沙效益具有很大的时间变异性,不仅可通过减水来减沙,而且可通过改变水沙关系来减沙。研究结果将为果园水土保持措施效益评估提供依据,为水土保持措施的合理配置提供参考。     

汇水面积阈值对土壤侵蚀定量评价的影响

土壤侵蚀预报模型是定量评价水土流失和评估水土保持措施效益的重要手段。通用土壤流失方程(Universal Soil Loss Equation,USLE)和中国土壤流失方程(Chinese Soil Loss Equation,CSLE)被广泛应用于土壤侵蚀定量评价。这些模型中坡长的计算受汇水面积阈值的影响较大。为揭示汇水面积阈值对土壤侵蚀定量评价的影响,选取北方土石山区、西北黄土高原区、东北黑土区、南方红壤丘陵区、西南紫色土区、西南山地区和西南岩溶区210个流域面积在0.2~3.0km~2的小流域,以1∶10 000地形图10m分辨率DEM为数据源,分别计算了1 000,1 500,2 000,2 500,3 000,5 000,7 000,9 000,11 000,13 000,15 000m~2共11个汇水面积阈值下各小流域不同坡长、土壤侵蚀强度级别以及土壤侵蚀的面积比例,分析了它们对汇水面积阈值变化的敏感性。结果表明:平均坡长、土壤侵蚀面积和轻度以上各级别的侵蚀强度面积比例都随汇水面积阈值的增加先增加而后趋于稳定。微度侵蚀面积比例随汇水面积阈值的增加逐渐减小并趋于稳定。当汇水面积阈值由1 000m~2增加到15 000m~2时,北方土石山区、西北黄土高原区、东北黑土区、南方红壤丘陵区、西南紫色土区、西南山地区和西南岩溶区的平均坡长分别增至阈值为1 000m~2时的1.53,4.16,1.95,1.90,1.69,1.57,1.47倍;土壤侵蚀面积比例分别增至阈值为1 000m~2时的1.20,1.85,1.43,1.37,1.77,1.44,1.30倍。汇水面积阈值对各分区的影响程度存在差异。从平均坡长和土壤侵蚀面积来看,东北黑土区受汇水面积阈值的影响最大。研究结果不仅为精确评价土壤侵蚀提供了数据支撑,而且对水土保持综合防治措施的评价和优化具有指导意义。     

黄土区草地坡面片流阻力系数试验研究

阻力系数是坡面流水动力学参数之一,是反映坡面流水力学特性的重要特征值。通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了不同雨强(0.7,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5mm/min)和坡度(7°,10°,15°,20°,25°)下,黄土区草地坡面片流阻力系数随雨强和坡度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)不同雨强和坡度下,草地坡面片流阻力系数随降雨历时的变化均呈先波动减小,后逐渐趋于稳定的趋势,且变化过程均可用二次多项式进行描述,相关性显著,决定系数0.5以上。(2)草地坡面片流阻力系数随雨强的增加而逐渐增大,可用指数方程描述,决定系数0.8以上;而片流阻力系数随坡度的增加而减小,可用对数方程描述,决定系数0.6以上。(3)草地坡面次降雨平均片流阻力系数对雨强及坡度的综合响应关系可用二元指数函数描述,决定系数0.923,且雨强对草地坡面片流平均阻力系数的影响大于坡度对阻力系数的影响。研究结果为草地坡面水流动力学特性及草地植被的阻流机制提供参考和理论基础,对于深刻认识黄土区草地坡面侵蚀动力和生态建设具有重要意义。     

北方土石山区典型坡面优先流特征研究

以太行山区崇陵流域的典型坡面为研究对象,通过亮蓝(Blue-FCF)与KI染色示踪试验,利用图像处理软件技术,计算优先流形态特征参数,分析5个不同坡位的优先流形态特征变化规律。结果表明:(1)随着坡位升高,坡面土壤厚度、容重逐渐减小,而总孔隙度、渗透系数、饱和含水量逐渐增大,凋萎系数与田间持水量则呈现波动变化趋势;(2)随着坡位的升高,染色剂运移深度不断增加,基质流区域占比减小而优先流区域占比增大;各坡位染色面积比随深度缓慢下降,在40cm以下深度范围高坡位点的土壤水分与周围土体交互作用较低坡位点较弱;染色剂入渗体积随坡位升高而逐渐增大;(3)随着坡位的升高,优先流对实际水分运移的贡献增大,高坡位坡面水分以优先流为主要方式向下入渗;(4)土壤质地与容重是影响土石山区坡面不同坡位优先流差异的主要因素。     

Restoration of Gypsicolous Vegetation on Quarry Slopes: Guidance for Hydroseeding under Contrasting Inclination and Aspect

The establishment of gypsicolous vegetation of high conservation value on land impacted by quarrying requires restoration measures to overcome constraints imposed by the new landforms created in the process. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of three standard hydroseeding methods to restore gypsicolous vegetation on quarry spoil slopes under a dry Mediterranean climate. The treatments were as follows: paper cellulose mulch, paper cellulose mulch + organic blanket, and wood fibre mulch, compared against a control. These treatments were tested on two slopes (10–15% vs 60–65%) and two contrasting aspects (north vs south). We evaluated the cover of all plant species 2·8 years after treatment, assessing both target gypsicolous species and non‐target species. Our results showed strong compositional and cover differences between hydroseeded and control plots. Control plots had a low cover of target species with a vegetation composed of early‐successional species that had the potential to hinder target species establishment over time. All hydroseeding treatments improved target vegetation cover, with wood fibre performing best in most situations studied here, alternatives being the cheaper but less effective paper mulch on shallow slopes, or the more expensive paper mulch + blanket on steep slopes in case of high erosion risk. Shallow and southern‐steep slopes were more suitable for the recovery of gypsum vegetation by hydroseeding, compared to northern‐steep slopes where non‐target species developed more readily outcompeting target species. These results will help to guide management decisions to restore gypsicolous vegetation by hydroseeding in disturbed gypsum habitats. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

崩岗崩积体坡面产沙与坡面形态的耦合影响

为了探究崩岗崩积体长时间序列的侵蚀变化,在崩积体典型坡度(30°)及研究区强降雨(3.33mm/min)条件下,进行了持续20场次降雨的崩积体侵蚀过程模拟试验。结果表明,在本试验条件下降雨溅蚀和径流冲刷对崩积体产沙的平均贡献率分别为47.6%和52.4%,在崩积体侵蚀过程中,其产沙量呈幂函数减小;弗劳德数、径流功率、达西-韦斯巴赫阻力系数与崩积体产沙量具有较好的相关关系,在沙源充足时,其参数可用于定量描述坡面径流产沙效能;崩积体侵蚀过程可分为4个阶段:(1)含沙量为0.099kg/L,以片蚀为主,坡面未见粗化;(2)含沙量为0.052~0.101kg/L,以细沟侵蚀为主,坡面粗化不明显;(3)含沙量为0.011~0.064kg/L,以细沟侵蚀为主,坡面粗化显现;(4)含沙量为0.008~0.036kg/L,无明显的主导侵蚀方式,坡面持续粗化。降雨及其径流对崩积体的分选性搬运,致使崩积体坡面粗化,而崩积体坡面粗化,反过来又使得降雨及其径流产沙效能降低。     

坡长对径流及侵蚀的影响

张家口市水保试验站坡长小区五年观测资料表明,降雨强度影响径流量、侵蚀量随坡长的变化。降雨强度较小时,径流量不能用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量随坡长增加较慢。降雨强度较大时,径流量可用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量方程中坡长指数较大。     

聚丙烯酸钠对黄土坡面产流产沙的影响研究

通过野外模拟降雨试验,研究了施用SP对黄土坡面产流、产沙的影响,并对实验数据进行数学模拟,建立了SP施用量与产流、产沙强度间的关系模型.结果表明:SP施用量与产流时间、平均产流强度呈二次函数相关关系,与产沙强度呈线性负相关关系.SP用量在0～2.42 g/m\+2之间时,能够延缓坡面产流,用量为1.21 g/m\+2时延缓产流效果最明显;用量介于0～3.31 g/m2之间时,能够增加土壤入渗,减少坡面产流量,用量1.65 g/m2的增渗减流效果最佳;施用SP后,能够减少坡面输沙强度,且用量越大,减沙效果越明显.SP可影响坡面产流过程,用量1.8 g/m2时,能够减小产流初期径流强度增幅,用量为3.6 g/m2时,其产流过程线与对照极接近,而施用量增加到5.4 g/m2时,产流强度明显增大.SP对坡面产沙过程的影响表现为:随施用量增大,产沙强度峰值呈逐步减小的变化趋势.