基于GIS的东北黑土区土壤侵蚀模数计算

为了监测及评估我国东北黑土区土壤侵蚀现状,在地理信息系统技术的支持下,应用CSLE模型,结合0.5 m分辨率的World View遥感影像,定量估算黑龙江省克山县古城小流域的土壤侵蚀量。结果表明:1)研究区的土壤侵蚀强度为轻度侵蚀,侵蚀区主要集中在该区的西北、东北和中南部地区;2)当坡度<20°时,土壤侵蚀程度较低,当坡度>20°时,土壤侵蚀较严重,此外坡度还能通过影响耕作措施的方式对土壤侵蚀强度产生间接作用,而水土保持措施因子和生物措施因子同样对土壤侵蚀区的分布范围及强度影响较大。研究结果对我国东北地区防治水土流失、减少河流泥沙、改善和恢复黑土肥力具有重要意义。     

不同灌溉目标下玉米滴灌制度研究

以夏玉米为研究对象,就不同灌溉目标下合理滴灌定额和滴灌周期进行了研究,旨在为不同类型区玉米生产因地制宜的采用不同滴灌制度提供参考.     

荔枝霜疫霉中双组分信号转导系统的鉴定与表达分析

 荔枝霜疫霉(Peronophythora litchii)隶属于茸鞭生物界卵菌门疫霉属,由其引起的荔枝霜疫病是目前荔枝生产上一种最重要的病害,严重影响荔枝产量和鲜果品质。双组分信号途径在微生物中参与多种生命活动,但是在卵菌中尚未有相关研究。本研究通过生物信息学分析在荔枝霜疫霉中鉴定到2个杂合型组氨酸激酶(PlHK1、PlHK2)和1个响应调控蛋白(PlRR1)。其在卵菌中是保守存在的,并且与真菌在进化上相对独立。功能域分析表明,PlHK1和PlHK2的C端额外的融合了1个磷酸转移功能域(Hpt),这与真菌和植物的存在显著差异。转录分析表明3个基因在荔枝霜疫霉侵染阶段上调表达,并且响应渗透胁迫和氧化胁迫。以上结果揭示了双组分信号系统可能在疫霉致病过程中发挥重要作用。     

Mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils by precision management

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions make up a significant part of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. There is an urgent need to identify new approaches to the mitigation of these emissions with emerging technology. In this short review four approaches to precision managements of agricultural systems are described based on examples of work being undertaken in the UK and New Zealand. They offer the opportunity for N₂O mitigation without any reduction in productivity. These approaches depend upon new sensor technology, modeling and spatial information with which to make management decisions and interventions that can both improve agricultural productivity and environmental protection.     

高功率密度柴油机的排气流通特性

为了分析柴油机功率密度提高后排气流动特征的变化,建立单缸柴油机一维热动力模型,对转速为3000r/min时柴油机的控制参数和热动力参数进行仿真,计算结果与试验值吻合良好。应用校准的模型分析柴油机提高功率密度对排气流动的影响。结果表明,随转速提高超临界排气持续曲轴转角明显增加,在转速为4200r/min时达128°;活塞排气指示功明显增大。排气流通面积成为影响高功率密度柴油机排气流动性能的主要因素,增大排气门喉口直径,可缩短超临界排气,减小排气指示功绝对值。为高功率密度柴油机排气系统的优化设计提供理论参考。     

Livestock water productivity in mixed crop–livestock farming systems of the Blue Nile basin: Assessing variability and prospects for improvement

Water scarcity is a major factor limiting food production. Improving Livestock Water Productivity (LWP) is one of the approaches to address those problems. LWP is defined as the ratio of livestock’s beneficial outputs and services to water depleted in their production. Increasing LWP can help achieve more production per unit of water depleted. In this study we assess the spatial variability of LWP in three farming systems (rice-based, millet-based and barley-based) of the Gumera watershed in the highlands of the Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. We collected data on land use, livestock management and climatic variables using focused group discussions, field observation and secondary data. We estimated the water depleted by evapotranspiration (ET) and beneficial animal products and services and then calculated LWP. Our results suggest that LWP is comparable with crop water productivity at watershed scales. Variability of LWP across farming systems of the Gumera watershed was apparent and this can be explained by farmers’ livelihood strategies and prevailing biophysical conditions. In view of the results there are opportunities to improve LWP: improved feed sourcing, enhancing livestock productivity and multiple livestock use strategies can help make animal production more water productive. Attempts to improve agricultural water productivity, at system scale, must recognize differences among systems and optimize resources use by system components.     

松软地面机器系统研究进展

松软地面机器系统的理论研究,对农业、林业、矿业和军事等领域作业机械的发展具有重要的科学意义和工程应用价值。本文总结了松软地面机器系统基础理论,以及松软干沙地面轮壤关系最新研究进展;从土壤动物形态、结构和柔性方面阐述仿生脱附减阻机理,综述了地面机械触土部件的仿生理论基础;概括了用于地面力学特性测试的技术方法和地面机器系统研究的土槽测试系统;分析归纳了数值模拟方法在地面机器系统研究中的进展;进而对松软地面机器系统理论方法在触土部件和车辆行走机构中的应用研究进行了展望。     

AMF对低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和叶片抗氧化系统的影响

[目的]研究丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mucorrhiz fungi,AMF)对低温胁迫下黄瓜(Cucumis sativusL.)幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性等生理指标的影响.[方法]以黄瓜品种‘津春2号'为试材,利用人工气候箱进行低温处理(昼/夜,15/10℃),研究低温胁迫下接种AMF对黄瓜幼苗生长、电解质渗透率、根系活力和叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白质含量及过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.[结果]与低温胁迫的未接菌对照相比,接种AMF可以使低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的株高增长量、茎粗增长量、地上部和地下部鲜质量的增长量、地上部和地下部干质量的增长量均显著提高,可溶性蛋白含量增加10.24%,根系活力提高178.32%,POD、SOD、CAT活性分别提高57.63%、6.72%和35%,MDA含量和电解质渗透率分别降低11.05%和16.08%.[结论]接种AMF可通过促进低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白的大量积累和抗氧化酶活性的提高,来降低膜脂过氧化水平,从而增强黄瓜幼苗对低温胁迫的适应性.