酵母表达系统研究进展与展望

酵母不仅已成为现代分子生物学研究最重要的工具之一,也是表达外源基因比较理想的宿主。笔者概括酵母表达系统的主要种类,并从外源基因特性、启动子的影响、外源基因拷贝数和稳定性及表达条件等方面综述影响酵母表达外源蛋白的因素,最后对酵母表达系统发展进行展望。     

节水灌溉管理与决策支持系统

基于灌区灌溉用水过程的复杂性和实时性,研制了节水灌溉管理与决策支持系统软件。系统根据采集到的气象、土壤水分、作物、水资源状况等信息,运用作物系数法进行作物需水量的计算,根据土壤墒情决策模型,作出灌溉预报,确定精确的灌溉时间和最佳灌溉水量,利用决策结果对灌溉设备进行自动控制与监测,从而达到高效、节水的目的。该系统不仅具有数据录入、编辑、查询、统计、输出等信息处理功能,而且能够根据采集到的信息为灌区管理和用水户提供灌溉优选和水资源优化分配的决策支持,制定精细灌溉的作业方案。该系统立足田间,面向农户,可以为用户提供节水灌溉模式咨询、具体方案优选、指导灌区优化灌溉等功能,具有较强的推广应用价值。     

Introduction to the Karoo Special Issue: Trajectories of Change in the Anthropocene§

The Karoo is an arid to semi-arid area across the western third of South Africa, comprising the Succulent Karoo and Nama-Karoo biomes. Its environment and people have experienced considerable changes, and now face new challenges as the Anthropocene unfolds. This Karoo Special Issue (KSI) brings together new information in 20 papers, a mixture of reviews, research articles and commentaries, significantly adding to previous syntheses of Karoo knowledge. The KSI comprises several sections focusing on different aspects of change, namely a lead article that provides an overview of social and environmental changes, followed by papers concerning changes over time from deep history to contemporary conditions (Xhaeruh to Karoo), insights from long-term studies at several sites across the area, different perspectives of ecosystem processes, and ending with a set of reflections and proposals for research priorities. We end this introduction by dedicating the KSI to two outstanding scholars of the Karoo: Dr Suzanne J Milton and Dr W Richard J Dean. These KSI papers, many of which were written by their colleagues, friends and former students, represents a Festschrift that celebrates and honours their research as well as the inspiration and leadership they gave to a generation of scientists.     

松软地面机器系统研究进展

松软地面机器系统的理论研究,对农业、林业、矿业和军事等领域作业机械的发展具有重要的科学意义和工程应用价值。本文总结了松软地面机器系统基础理论,以及松软干沙地面轮壤关系最新研究进展;从土壤动物形态、结构和柔性方面阐述仿生脱附减阻机理,综述了地面机械触土部件的仿生理论基础;概括了用于地面力学特性测试的技术方法和地面机器系统研究的土槽测试系统;分析归纳了数值模拟方法在地面机器系统研究中的进展;进而对松软地面机器系统理论方法在触土部件和车辆行走机构中的应用研究进行了展望。     

基于GIS的农田管理系统设计与实现

根据农田的实际操作要求,包括对数据采集的实时与移动等,设计开发了一套基于GIS的农田信息管理系统。系统以GIS技术为支撑,包括农田属性数据管理模块、农资操作管理模块、农事操作管理模块等。系统数据库采用Microsoft SQL Server 2005,服务器端采用C#语言开发,移动客户端使用VS2005环境,浏览器端基于XHTML与JavaScript。在农田数据管理模块中,系统具有数据获取、数据导出、属性查询、数据统计分析、涂层编辑等功能。在商业通信运营商的支持下,操作员在田间利用智能手机或PDA使用系统获取田间数据或者田间作业相关信息,最后传送给系统服务器,管理人员可以在办公室进行远程操作。该系统可为具有科研、教学、生产等功能为主的试验田提供系统有效的服务。     

Stable carbon isotopes accurately predict diet selection by sheep fed mixtures of C3 annual pastures and saltbush or C4 perennial grasses

The stable carbon isotope technique has been widely used to infer the dietary ecology of a range of animal species; however calibration of the technique with animals fed known diets is essential for accurate back-calculation of dietary preferences. The aim of this study was to identify suitable samples and back-calculation methods to predict short-term (2 to 3 week) dietary selection by sheep among plants with C₃ and C₄ photosynthetic pathways. Variation in integration time of dietary carbon into plasma and faeces; diet-tissue discrimination of carbon isotopes (fractionation) and the importance of accounting for the digestible or indigestible components of the diet was investigated. The results indicate that faecal and rumen samples provided the most accurate prediction of short term dietary changes in sheep selecting between C₃ and C₄ plants. The most accurate back-calculation method for these samples used δ¹³C of the C₃ and C₄ plants and accounted for both diet-tissue discrimination and differences in the indigestibility between the C₃ and C₄ forage. For faecal samples, the organic matter content of the diet originating from C₄ plants could be predicted with a mean error as low as 2.7%. Wool and plasma samples were not conducive to predicting proportion of C4 forage in the diet within 18 days after a change in diet; however plasma could be used to discriminate between animals fed 100% C₃ and C₄ diets after 3 days. The δ¹³C technique provides a valuable tool for researchers when designing pastures for dual environmental and production purposes. An understanding of what sheep select allows for development of appropriate grazing management strategies to optimise productivity and/or persistence of target species.     

畜禽废水胁迫对芦苇叶绿素含量及抗氧化酶系统的影响

采用自然条件模拟实验，以两种浓度畜禽废水（高浓度畜禽废水原水和经一倍稀释的中浓度畜禽废水）胁迫湿地植物芦苇，研究其对芦苇叶绿素含量及其抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明，高浓度畜禽废水较中浓度畜禽废水对芦苇的影响更大。两种浓度畜禽废水胁迫均促使芦苇叶绿素含量下降、叶绿素a／b值上升、CAT活性下降、POD活性急速下降后逐渐上升，到处理末期时与对照基本相同、SOD活性明显上升。说明畜禽废水胁迫对芦苇的影响较小，芦苇在畜禽废水胁迫下具有较强的抗逆性和耐受性．如果将其运用于我国集约化畜禽养殖业废水的处理，将极大地缓解我国畜禽养殖业发展与环境污染之间的矛盾。     

绿茶生产质量信息管理系统设计与实现

为提高茶叶生产的质量安全监控信息化水平及茶叶生产企业管理的信息化水平,减少因茶园施肥、用药、加工等所造成的茶叶质量安全问题,将信息技术和茶叶生产质量管理关键控制点结合起来,采用计算机技术、网络数据库技术,设计并开发了绿茶生产质量信息管理系统,实现了绿茶产地环境、种植环节、加工过程及包装储运等质量关键控制点信息的网络化管理。     

基于农产品供应链的质量安全可追溯系统

为加强农产品质量安全管理,保证消费者身体健康,从农产品供应链的角度出发,提出基于农产品供应链的质量安全可追溯系统的设计方案。在危害分析和关键控制点(hazard analysis and critical control point,HACCP)管理体系的指导下,利用二维码技术、数据库技术、网络信息技术进行系统的构建和开发,实现了农产品在整个供应链上从种植、采收、加工到销售的全程跟踪和溯源,有效地加强了对农产品质量安全的监管,保证消费者最终知情权。目前,该系统在江苏江阴地区实际测试效果良好,验证了方案的可行性和有效性。