Response of Rice Seedlings to Copper Toxicity and Acidity

Metal toxicity and soil acidity affect plant growth. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to simulate effects of pH and copper concentration [Cu] on early growth and biomass production of high-yielding rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘NIAB 6’). The rice seedlings were allowed to grow in Yoshida nutrient solution with 1 (control), 8, 16, and 32 μM Cu at buffered pH levels of 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Shoot and root growth, leaf chlorophyll content, and root lipid peroxidation and K⁺ leakage of 15-day-old rice seedlings were determined. Results show that [Cu] had significant adverse effects on rice seedlings. Shoot height and root length were reduced by 18%–60% and 7%–69%, respectively, compared with the control, and shoot and root weight decreased by 26%–56%, and 25%, respectively, in response to progressive increases in [Cu]. Similarly, leaf chlorophyll content decreased by 150%–245% compared with the control treatment. Rice seedling roots suffered from significant increases in lipid peroxidation followed by K⁺ leakage (> 8–23 times) in response to increasing [Cu]. Averaged across [Cu], seedling growth and biomass were greater at pH 5.5 than at other pH treatments. In some instances, increasing pH minimized the adverse effects of Cu at low concentrations on rice seedlings.     

微生物有机肥结合土壤改良剂防治烟草青枯病

盆栽试验设置了五个处理:对照(T1)、施用普通有机肥(T2)、施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T3)、石灰处理土壤后施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T4)、石灰和碳铵处理土壤后施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T5),用DGGE和平板计数法研究了根际土壤微生物群落的多样性,旨在探讨微生物有机肥及微生物有机肥结合土壤改良剂对烟草青枯病的防治效果和对烟草根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响.结果表明:连作土壤中,施用普通有机肥(T2)不仅不能防治烟草青枯病,还提高了烟草青枯病的病情指数,而施用微生物有机肥处理(T3、T4和T5)对烟草青枯病的防治效果达66.7％～87.9％;施用微生物有机肥可显著改变根际微生物区系结构:T2处理的根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量较T1处理略有增加,真菌数量则较T1处理增加了1.1倍;T3和T4处理的根际土壤细菌分别较T1处理增加了3.5倍和6.1倍,同时,放线菌数量分别增加了3.7倍和3.5倍,而真菌数量分别下降了66.2％和70.1％;T5处理的根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量较T1处理分别增加了13.6倍和5.1倍,真菌数量下降了75.0％;各处理的细菌群落多样性均较T1处理增加.初步研究表明,连作病害土壤用石灰和碳铵预处理后再施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥能有效防控烟草青枯病和减缓连作生物障碍,其作用机制主要通过改变微生物区系和降低病原菌数量实现.     

不同施肥对雷竹林土壤肥力及肥料利用率的影响

于2009年,在浙江省临安市的雷竹林中进行田间试验,以比较对照(不施肥)、常规施肥、缓释肥、竹笋专用肥和微生物肥对雷竹林土壤肥力质量、养分利用率和竹笋产量的影响。结果表明,雷竹林因施肥引起的土壤速效氮磷钾含量的过量积累和土壤酸化的程度按以下次序递减:常规施肥>专用复合肥≈缓释肥>微生物肥。常规施肥的肥料农学利用率最低,氮、磷和钾农学利用率分别为鲜笋4.7 kg kg-1、23.6kg kg-1和14.2 kg kg-1。与常规施肥处理相比,专用复合肥和缓释肥2个处理的氮、磷、钾农学利用率分别提高40.4%～53.2%、50.8%～90.7%和35.5%～39.5%,而微生物肥处理则分别提高38.9倍、67.8%和2.0倍。与对照相比,常规施肥处理的竹笋产量和经济效益分别提高了29.6%和14.3%,而专用复合肥、缓释肥、微生物肥3个处理的竹笋产量和经济效益分别提高了27.5%～29.0%和14.6%～17.8%。     

Effect of calcium concentration in nutrient solution before and after inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum on resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt

We previously reported that calcium (Ca) nutrition in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) significantly affected the resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Smith. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the Ca-dependent resistance, the effect of the Ca concentration in the nutrient solution applied before and after inoculation with the pathogen on the resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt was studied. One week before inoculation, seedlings were transferred to nutrient solutions containing Ca at concentrations of 0.4, 4.4, or 20.4 mM. Soon after inoculation, the seedlings that were treated with each concentration of Ca before inoculation were transferred to solutions containing the same three concentrations of Ca. Although the disease development was not affected by the concentration of Ca in the solution before inoculation, a higher concentration of Ca after inoculation reduced the disease severity. This result suggests that the concentration of Ca in the host, especially in the cell walls, before infection may not be directly involved in the Ca-dependent resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt.     

防病促生枯萎病拮抗菌“98-Ⅰ”对4种枯萎病防治效果研究

经 8年系统试验研究从 330个细菌菌株中筛选出 1株防病促生枯萎病拮抗菌“98 Ⅰ” ,经鉴定属蜡质芽孢杆菌。该菌对黄瓜枯萎病、西瓜枯萎病、青椒枯萎病和番茄枯萎病 4种土传病害均有显著防治效果 ,其平皿孢子萌发抑制率分别为 79 2 %、75 1%、72 3%和 95 7% ,且该菌对多种蔬菜有促生和促进种子发芽功效。     

2,4-二乙酰基藤黄酚产生菌在番茄根部的定殖及对番茄青枯病的防治

2,4-二乙酰基藤黄酚(2,4-DAPG)产生菌是荧光菌对土传病害进行生物防治的主要类群之一。室内筛选结果表明：供试的12个2,4-DAPG产生菌菌株对番茄青枯病菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中CPF、10抑菌效果最佳,抑菌带宽为3．5mm;而2P24、5J10次之,抑菌带宽为3．0mm。CPF10和2P24培养原液对番茄胚根的生长均有明显的抑制作用。CPF10和2P24根部定殖结果表明,两菌株均可在番茄幼苗根部大量定殖,根表细菌数量随着时间延长呈下降趋势但仍维持较高数量;而根内细菌数量有明显上升的趋势。CPF10和2P24对番茄青枯病均有一定的防治效果,其中2P24的防治效果最好。而CPF10在所有的处理中变异系数(CV)最小,防治效果最稳定。     

植物枯萎病生物防治研究进展

植物枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum Schl.）寄生引起的一种土传病害,目前尚缺乏有效的防治手段。利用微生物及其代谢产物等生物农药进行防治,使用对人体和生态环境无害的生防菌剂替代化学农药已成为世界范围内的发展方向。在此,介绍了各类生防因子在枯萎病防治中的研究和应用情况,分析了其存在的安全性问题及影响防治效果的因素,同时对今后的研究工作提出了几点展望。     

转抗菌肽基因辣椒株系的青枯病抗性鉴定及系统选育

利用通过农杆菌介导技术获得的T0代转抗菌肽基因辣椒植株为试材,对其自交株系世代群体连续进行抗青枯病鉴定筛选、分子生物学检测和系统选育,首次获得了具有抗青枯病能力的转抗菌肽基因辣椒稳定株系。同时,对其主要果实性状、青枯病抗性进行的对比试验结果表明,转抗菌肽辣椒株系除抗青枯病能力明显提高外,果实性状基本不变。上述结果显示,外源目的基因主要特性的遗传是稳定的、表达是忠实的,从实践上验证了转抗菌肽基因工程操作的实用性。     

大豆胚尖不定芽对NaCl耐性的研究

以大豆胚尖为外植体,研究NaCl胁迫对大豆黑农37和吉育91胚尖不定芽形成的影响.结果表明,大豆胚尖诱导不定芽对NaCl胁迫反应较敏感,随着NaCl浓度的增高,两个基因型胚尖不定芽诱导率、芽数和芽长都显著降低,25mmol/L NaCl显著地抑制了黑农37胚尖不定芽的形成与生长.     

雪青梨适宜冬季修剪量及枝条再生率研究

在良好的栽培管理条件下,六年生雪青梨树冬季修剪量（去枝量）以40%左右为宜。冬季修剪后,树上总留枝量平均为216.7个,果枝留量121.3个,生长枝与结果枝比例为1：1.3。全树平均花序留量为207.7个,按照丰产优质标准,疏果后每株平均留果85.3个,当年平均产量26.4 kg/株,达到了幼树早期丰产的要求。在结果的同时,当年果枝形成率可达到47.1%,完全能够满足翌年丰产的需求。采用上述程度冬剪后,生长季枝条再生率（新生枝增加的比率）达到61.4%,生长季枝果比为4.1：1。冬剪对枝类比有一定的影响。冬季修剪前树冠长、中、短枝比率为24.8%、14.9和59.9%;冬剪后人为变化为15.7%、18.2%和66.2%,冬剪相对去枝量分别占原长枝、中枝和短枝数量的61.6%、26.0%和33.0%。然而,由于生长季新生枝条的出现和增加,长、中、短枝比例又恢复为25.5%、13.8%和60.7%,基本与上年冬剪前相同。采用上述方法修剪后,当年发生的新梢总数与上年修剪前枝条总数基本持平,说明若仅从维持生长与结果相对平衡的角度考虑,上述修剪量较为适宜。