The diving behaviour of little penguins in Western Australia predisposes them to risk of injury by watercraft

1. The most western little penguin colony globally, and the most northern in Western Australia (WA) is found on Penguin Island, WA. The penguins use coastal bays that are also used extensively by recreational watercraft. These penguins have been found to either dive predominantly to shallow depths of 1–5 m or to depths >8 m. It is thus hypothesized that (a) both the shallow and deeper diving penguins can potentially be disturbed or injured by these watercraft but that the risk will differ between the two diving strategies, and (b) that risk of injury for both is greater during the summer and autumn, when people are more likely to use watercraft.
2. This was tested by attaching data loggers to little penguins during chick rearing and by investigating necropsy records. Diving activity was studied for the very shallow and relatively deeper diving penguins separately, and we considered the penguins were vulnerable to interactions with watercraft when they were within the top 2 m of the water column or at the surface.
3. Shallow‐diving penguins executed >1,200 dives per day, 64% of dives occurred within the top 2 m, and they were vulnerable for approximately two‐thirds of their time at sea. The deeper diving penguins executed fewer dives. Almost half of dives were to ≥10 m, yet they were vulnerable for almost one‐third of their time at sea. Their post‐dive recovery was also longer. Thus, the risk of interaction from watercraft differs depending on the diving behaviour.
4. This study highlights the potential impact to little penguins throughout Australia and New Zealand.

     

基于排气温度的汽油车排气管滴水现象分析

通过行车试验,验证不同路况对行车过程中汽车排气管滴水量的影响,计算比较普通汽油与乙醇汽油燃烧理论生成水量。通过排气温度试验对排气管内各部分温度进行测量,并分析排气管结构对排气温度的影响。结果表明：这种结构的存在和气固之间的热传导现象使气体温度急剧下降,加之冬季外界环境温度低,更加剧了气体温度下降的程度。当高温气体在排气管内某部位温度降至100℃以下时,部分水蒸气会冷凝成水滴附在排气管内壁上,随气体流动排出车外。     

Spatial–temporal variations in biosonar activity of Yangtze finless porpoise in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its correlation with underwater noise: Are quieter non-shipping branches the remaining shelters?

1. Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP) is Critically Endangered, It relies on its biological sonar sensing system for important life activities. The rapid development of the Yangtze valley has brought busy shipping, which has resulted in increased noise.
2. Two locations on the shipping channel and non-shipping branch were selected. Passive acoustic monitoring was used to record the biosonar signals of porpoises and underwater noise. The number of click trains, echolocation encounters, buzzes and buzz ratios were counted and the root mean square sound pressure level of noise was calculated in five diel phases.
3. A non-parametric test was used to analyse the differences among different phases and between different locations. The aim of the study was to detect the spatial and temporal variations in the biosonar activity of YFPs and underwater noise between non-shipping and shipping channels, and to provide scientific advice for YFP conservation.
4. Significant spatial and temporal patterns were observed both in biosonar activity and noise. Average biosonar activity, including click trains, buzzes, buzz ratio and echolocation encounters, was higher in the non-shipping channel than in the shipping channel, whereas the noise level was higher in the shipping channel than in the non-shipping channel.
5. In the non-shipping channel, the buzz numbers and buzz ratios, indicators of porpoise feeding activity, were higher at night than during the day while the noise level was higher during the day than at night.
6. These findings may be associated with the noise avoidance strategies of YFPs to adapt to the busy shipping on the Yangtze River. Maintaining the non-shipping status of some branches of the Yangtze River can provide more shelters for the YFPs. Strengthening the measures for banning navigation at night or reducing the vessel speed at night throughout the entire year would improve the YFPs’ feeding success.

     

基于废气成分分析和支持向量机的发动机故障诊断

为了实现发动机故障的快速实时诊断,提出了一种基于废气成分分析和支持向量机的发动机故障诊断方法。该方法首先运用NHA500废气分析仪采集发动机典型故障状态下的HC、CO、CO2、O2、NOX等废气参数值,接着对采集到的数据进行规范化处理,提取特征向量作为学习样本,然后用于设计训练基于支持向量机的多元分类器,进行故障类型识别。试验结果表明,采用纠错编码的支持向量机分类方法比神经网络具有更好的抗干扰性和更强的分类能力,在小样本的情况下故障诊断正确率达98.5%,能有效描述废气成分变化和故障状态之间的复杂关系。     

农用小动力机的排气对大气的污染

着重讨论了农用动力机的排气对大气的污染。在对柴油机进行全功率特性试验和自由加速试验的基础上,分析了现有农用动力机在排烟方面存在的问题,并提出今后改进措施。     

某发动机排气歧管流场分析与结构优化

首先建立某发动机排气歧管的三维模型,利用有限元前处理软件Hypermesh划分网格,用有限元方法分析各缸对应支管的单管流速分布和三元催化剂前端截面的流速分布,并根据分析结果对排气歧管进行结构优化,改进后的排气歧管在各缸流量均匀性、减小流通阻力、漩涡消失、气流噪声和能量损失方面取得较明显的效果.     

海上原油途耗原因分析及处理措施

根据码头库区多年来接卸海上原油的实际情况,对海上原油途耗的原因进行了分析,有针对性地提出了降低海上原油途耗的对策及预防措施,就码头库区接卸计量原油的实际问题,提出了解决方法及建议。     

论近代中国船政创新与中国文化转型

中国近代船政文化的开拓者们曾经造就亚洲最先进的近代造船基地和近代海军，培养出许多近代新型人才，为中国传统文化的近代转型作出了杰出的历史贡献。然而，由于清朝政府未能及时进行全面深刻的体制改革，中国近代船政创新惨遭失败；由于许多中国人深受君主专制主义观念的束缚，中国文化转型之路曲折漫长。认真吸取中国近代船政文化历史所提供的经验教训，有助于尽快完成中国传统文化的现代转型。     

基于BP网络的柴油机排气消声器结构参数设计

为了克服目前排气消声器常见设计方法中固有的建模假定引起的设计误差,尝试将BP网络应用于排气消声器设计;利用正交试验和排气噪声数字信号处理获得了1/3倍频程声压级和柴油机燃油消耗率作为输入、结构参数作为输出的人工神经网络的学习样本;通过MATLAB中人工神经网络工具箱完成了网络的训练;实例验证了BP网络应用于排气消声器设计是完全可行的;同时,通过训练后网络的具体应用,展示了BP网络在消声器设计方面的优越性.     

喷油助燃再生DPF过滤体入口废气温度条件研究

阐述了DPF喷油助燃再生的工作原理,在考虑过滤体内沉积微粒氧化反应次模型的基础上,以壁流式蜂窝陶瓷过滤体为研究对象,建立柴油机稳态工况下过滤体入口孔道的再生简化模型。考虑到柴油机中小负荷排气富氧条件,通过无量纲化,结合DPF的排气背压模型,得到了喷油助燃再生DPF时过滤体入口端所需的温度条件。试验表明,以该条件获得的理论过滤体入口废气温度所对应的喷油率来调节燃烧器功率可顺利实现DPF的再生过程,为DPF喷油助燃再生系统的设计提供了一定的理论依据。