轻型柴油机预混合低温燃烧路径优化试验及分析

为探索轻型车用柴油机在中小负荷率工况下实现超低排放的预混合低温燃烧策略,以某四缸轻型车用柴油机为样机,在中小负荷率工况下,进行了喷射正时、废气再循环率(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)、进气温度、喷射压力、预喷射等不同控制参数对柴油机预混合低温燃烧影响的试验研究。证明适时早喷射可延长预混合期实现预混合燃烧,改善柴油机碳烟排放;采用高比例EGR技术降低进气氧浓度能有效控制预混合燃烧温度,可有效降低NOx排放,同时可推迟由早喷射造成的过早的燃烧相位;在适时早喷射结合高比例EGR的基础上,协同优化喷射压力、进气温度与预喷射参数改善NOx和碳烟排放Trade-off关系,以实现超低排放的预混合低温燃烧;通过预混合低温燃烧路径优化后,10%、25%和50%负荷率工况NOx排放与原机相比分别降低97.8%、80.7%和62.1%,碳烟排放分别降低76%、93.9%和47.1%。3个负荷率工况下优化后的有效燃油消耗率比优化前略有上升。研究结果为轻型柴油机预混合低温燃烧过程的优化及污染物排放控制技术提供了理论基础。     

废气再循环改善生物柴油发电机的经济性和排放性

在单缸风冷四冲程柴油发电机上,采用0、16%、28%EGR(exhaust gas recirculation,废气再循环)率,分别以柴油和生物柴油为燃料进行了试验,测试并分析了经济性,NOx、HC、CO和烟度的排放性能。研究表明:生物柴油油耗高于柴油,在0、16%和28%EGR率时,生物柴油的体积油耗平均高出柴油约9%、10%和17%;与无废气再循环相比,16%和28%EGR率时,燃用柴油平均可减少NOx约17%和35%,燃用生物柴油平均可减少NOx约10%和24%,生物柴油的NOx排放量高于柴油平均约6.5%和17%;燃用柴油时随EGR率增大,HC的排放量增大,16%和28%EGR率时,生物柴油的HC排放低于柴油平均约6%和28.5%;28%EGR率时,生物柴油CO排放量低于柴油,平均降低约24%;随EGR率增大,生物柴油的烟度增大,燃用生物柴油在小负荷和中负荷时烟度高于柴油。     

Experimental Investigation of Stabilized Soft Soil by New GSC

Soft clay is stabilized by desulphurization gypsum and steel slag-slag blended cementitious materials (GSC), which can not only reuse industrial waste and decrease second pollution, but also can conserve mineral resources and protect natural ecology. The variation of unconfined compressive strength of the clay improved by GSC with different mixing ratios and water-GSC ratio and ages was studied through the laboratory experiments. The long-term strength of stabilized soil is predicted with GSC by quasi-water-GSC ratio. The results show that the more the mixing ratios is, the better the stabilized effect of soft soil is. With increase of curing period, the strength increasing of GSC-soil is consistent with cement-soil, and it has lower strength in the early stage. When mixing ratios of GSC is more than those of cement by 3%, if the water-GSC ratio is less than those of cement, it has the higher strength than cement-soil, after 28 days. The results show that GSC stabilized soil is feasible and it can meet the demand of cure strength.     

乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性

为了研究乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性,该文对分别使用乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料和柴油的在用柴油轿车的排放性能和燃油经济性,以及在用柴油客车的自由加速排气烟度排放进行了对比试验。研究结果表明:相对于柴油,在用柴油轿车使用E10(体积比,乙醇10%、丁醇4%、柴油86%)混合燃料的NOX排放减少10.42%,HC+NOX排放减少27.43%,微粒(PM)排放减少2.13%,90和120km/h等速行驶燃料消耗量分别减少7.66%和3.71%;然而CO排放增加31.43%,工况循环综合燃料消耗量增加4.48%。此外,在用柴油客车使用E10混合燃料的自由加速排气烟度排放减少31.11%。该研究结果对于完善乙醇柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性具有实用价值。     

砖厂废气排放对橡胶树生长及生理生化特性的影响

为了探明砖厂废气排放对橡胶树生长及生理生化特性的影响,以砖厂东南风下风区距离砖厂200 m、400 m、600 m处,2005年种植的‘云研77-2’橡胶树为研究对象,对植株茎粗以及叶片的生理生化指标（可溶性糖、蔗糖、可溶性蛋白、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、保护酶、丙二醛、超氧阴离子自由基、脯氨酸、含水率及相对电导率等）进行测量测定。结果表明,3个距离间橡胶树的茎粗呈200 m<400 m<600 m的趋势,且差异达极显著水平(P<0.01),说明砖厂废气排放对附近橡胶树生长有严重影响,影响程度依距离远近而有所不同。砖厂废气污染对橡胶树生理生化特性的影响表现为：一方面,导致叶片叶绿素含量降低,光合作用减弱,光合营养物质即可溶性糖、蔗糖含量降低,影响植株生长;另一方面,超氧化阴离子自由基陡增,导致保护酶系统的启动,过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性提高,消除或降低超氧阴离子自由基对橡胶树叶片的伤害。废气污染也导致丙二醛和脯氨酸含量升高,起到调节细胞渗透势,平衡电导率的作用。总之,橡胶树通过启动自身保护系统使之能够对废气污染伤害具有一定的抵御忍耐能力,但砖厂废气排放仍会对橡胶树生长和正常生理过程产生严重影响,导致其光合作用降低,光合产物减少,造成植株矮生细长。     

木材干燥室集中换气时进排气孔气流的均匀性模拟

为解决木材干燥室强制集中换气装置进排气道孔口气流的均匀性问题,采用理论分析和Fluent数值模拟方法,对进排气道的进排孔口气流流速、流量等进行数值模拟分析和计算,得到了满足生产实际要求的孔口半径和分布。结果表明：进气道各孔口的质量流量差小于5．1％,排气道各孔口的质量流量差小于7．3％,二者均小于质量流量偏差（10％）...     

铈基燃油催化剂改善柴油机颗粒物捕集器再生效果

颗粒捕集器(diesel Particulate filter,DPF)是目前公认的最有效的柴油机排气颗粒物后处理装置,为了去除DPF内部沉积颗粒,实现DPF再生,采用提高排气温度或催化燃烧的方法来促进颗粒物燃烧。该文采用环烷酸铈溶剂作为燃油催化再生添加剂(fuel borne catalyst,FBC),对柴油机DPF的再生平衡温度、压降特性和燃烧灰烬等进行试验研究。试验结果表明:DPF再生平衡温度因FBC的催化作用从500℃以上下降到约450℃,从而增加了颗粒捕集器的颗粒储备能力,并能够有效再生;柴油机燃油消耗率随着排气背压的增加而上升;燃用FBC测试燃油时DPF前后压差较纯柴油上升缓慢,其达到排气背压再生阀值的周期变长;同时,随再生次数的增多,再生后DPF的前后压差呈线性增加,捕集效率却逐渐提高。该文采用燃油添加剂可以明显降低颗粒的着火点。结合电加热装置,可有效提高DPF的再生效果,有效过滤柴油车尾气中的颗粒物,对柴油车尾气净化及环境保护具有十分重要的意义。     

Displacement Prediction of Surrounding Rock by Evolution BP-net Based on the decimal Gentic Algorithms

In recent years,more people have begun complaining about cooking exhaust pollution from restaurants in the city of Chongqing,P.R.China.Understanding cooking exhaust pollution origins and people's responses in Chongqing can provide a scientific basis for environmental protection decision-making in the city.To better understand these things,the attitudes of Chongqing inhabitants with different sex,age and residential proximity to cooking exhaust pollution and other environmental pollutants were investigated.The results show that city residents feel cooking exhaust pollution is the third most significant environmental pollution problem in Chongqing after noise and air pollution.Responses to cooking exhaust pollution vary with different sex,age and residential environment.This paper concludes by analyzing reasons for ineffective solutions to the cooking exhaust pollution problem in Chongqing and puts forward corresponding new countermeasures.     

Numerical Simulation for Fire Smoke Flow in a High-rise Building with Patio Space

Characteristics of smoke flow and fire spread in a patio space of a high-rise building were studied to investigate their influences on fire compartment and safety evacuation.Fire development model was established and fire scenarios were designed to simulate fire and smoke spread by CFD software numerically based on concepts of fire performance-based design in a high-rise building with double patio space,whose height are 74.65 m and 55.95 m,respectively.Simulation results show that in all fire scenarios,performance targets for safety evacuation for people in each floor was satisfied,if smoke was extracted naturally using the patio space.Hang walls mounted in corridors around the patio space prevent smoke flowing out smoothly,shorten the coming of the risk time and increase fire danger.Using chimney effect,it is preferred to adopt natural smoke exhaust method in a high-rise building with patio space.