超级稻病虫发生特点及其药剂防治技术

超级稻从孕穗末至齐穗期如遇上连续阴雨天,稻曲病大发生,纹枯病发生较普遍;二化螟、稻飞虱发生量大,危害较重。在超级稻大田生长期,抓住施药适期,选用高效、内吸、广谱、环保型农药,进行3～4次防治,可有效防控病虫危害,达到节本增效、减少农药污染的目的。     

基于分子遗传标记技术的实蝇种群遗传关系研究进展

分子遗传标记技术已用于分析实蝇的种群遗传关系,本文介绍了分子遗传标记技术在实蝇的起源、入侵、定殖、扩散及其他方面的研究进展,首次分析了我国实蝇种群遗传研究的现存问题并针对检疫性实蝇种群遗传关系研究提出了建议.     

Induction of Systemic Resistance in Cucumber against Several Diseases by Plant Growth-promoting Fungi: lignification and Superoxide Generation

Five fungal isolates (Trichoderma, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phoma and a sterile fungus) from zoysiagrass rhizosphere that promote plant growth were tested for their ability to induce systemic resistance in cucumber plants against Colletotrichum orbiculare. Roots of cucumber plants were treated with these fungal isolates using barley grain inocula (BGI), mycelial inocula (MI) or culture filtrate (CF). Most isolate/inoculum form combinations significantly reduced the disease except BGI of Trichoderma. These fungal isolates were also evaluated for induction of systemic resistance against bacterial angular leaf spot and Fusarium wilt by treatment with BGI. Penicillium, Phoma and the sterile fungus significantly reduced the disease incidence of bacterial angular leaf spot. Phoma and sterile fungus protected plants significantly against Fusarium wilt. Roots treated with CFs of these fungal isolates induced lignification at Colletotrichum penetration points indicating the presence of an elicitor in the CFs. The elicitor activity of CFs was evaluated by the chemiluminescence assay using tobacco callus and cucumber fruit disks. The CFs of all isolates elicited conspicuous superoxide generation. The chemiluminescence activity of the CF of Penicillium was extremely high, and its intensity was almost 100-fold higher than that of other isolates. The chemiluminescence activity was not lost following treatment with protease or autoclaving or after removal of lipid. The MW 12,000 dialyzed CF fraction was highly effective in eliciting chemiluminescence activity. Chemiluminescence emission from cucumber fruit disks treated with Penicillium was the same as that obtained from tobacco callus, except that the lipid fraction also showed a high activity. Both the MW 12,000 fraction and the lipid fraction induced lignification in the epidermal tissues of cucumber hypocotyls.     

利用诱导因子抗新疆甜瓜疫霉病的田间效果

用化学诱导因子和灭活的生物诱导因子在田间自然条件下诱导了新疆甜瓜产生对疫霉病的整体抗性。1996年的试验结果表明，用化学诱导因子诱导处理，最高诱抗效果可达79．40％，平均诱抗效果在40％以上；生物诱导因子诱导处理，最高诱抗效果为68．2％，平均诱抗效果为30％以上。1997年的试验基本上验证了1996年的结果，化学诱导因子最高诱抗效果可达60％，平均诱抗效果为35．86％，经t测验分析，诱抗效果显著。     

Conditional expression of harpinPsscauses yeast cell death that shares features of cell death pathway with harpinPss-mediated plant hypersensitive response (HR)

Conditional expression of harpin_Psscauses yeast cell death that shares features of cell death pathway with harpin_Pss-mediated plant hypersensitive response (HR).Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae 61 hrp Z gene encodes harpin_Pss, a 34.7 kD extracellular protein that elicits a hypersensitive response (HR) in plants. Conditional expression of either full-length or truncated hrp Z sequences under the GAL1 promoter caused cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y187. Plating of pYEUT- hrp Z transformants on a medium containing galactose resulted in complete inhibition of colony formation, whereas their growth on a glucose-based medium was unaffected. Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of harpin_Pssin yeast cells transformed with pYEUT- hrp Z and grown in galactose-containing medium. A time-dependent decline in the percentage of trypan blue-excluding cells in cultures of pYEUT- hrp Z transformants was observed when cultured on galactose-containing medium. Similarly, the number of viable cells reduced to about 50% within 6 h. There were similarities in the harpin_Pss-mediated cell death in plants and yeast cell death (YCD). Galactose-induced cell death in pYEUT-hrp Z transformants of S. cerevisiae Y187 was suppressed by a protein kinase inhibitor K252a (10 μ M). The viability of pYEUT- hrp Z transformants was prolonged in the presence of 100 U ml⁻¹catalase suggesting a role for the oxidative burst in YCD that was further supported by the flow cytometric patterns of propidium iodide uptake by yeast cells. Overall, it appears that yeast provides a useful model system to understand the molecular mechanism of harpin_Pss-mediated cell death.     

江苏进出口园林植物寄生线虫调查及检疫处理技术

1997－1998年，对南京口岸进口的荷兰、加拿大、美国、韩国、台湾和香港等国家和地区41批（次）园林植物检疫中，1次截获鳞球茎类线虫、19交截获咖啡短体线虫、草莓芽叶线虫、克鲁克剑线虫、毛刺尾线虫、南方根结线虫、花生根结线虫、北方根结线虫和其它根结线虫等，进口的园林植物中危险性疫情发生率高达34％。对江苏5个主要出口园林植物生长基地进行的植物寄生线虫种类调查，在59种经常性出口的园林植物中，发现27属植物寄生线虫，其中已鉴定出13种。对红花木莲苗上的南方根结线虫、牡丹苗上的腐烂茎线虫进行的检疫处理试验表明，用几种农药混配的处理液加热后处理植物的根部，可以有效地杀死这两种植物寄生线虫，保证货物安全出口。     

Resistance to foliage-feeding insects in conifers: implications for pest management

The ecological implications of insect resistance in conifers are rarely discussed. It is however a fairly straightforward plant-insect interaction and should be treated as such, making use of the increasing amount of information in this field. Work on tree breeding is usually carried out by silviculturalists who, not surprisingly, rarely consider the insect component of the environment in which the treess are growing. In all fairness, it must be stated that many entomologists, fail to consider the plant component of the interaction. Clonal forestry will almost certainly result in the loss of genetic variability. The use of clonal material has already been cited as a possible source for the diminution of the resistance against pests and diseases and if particular resistance mechanisms against forest pests are sought in the future the reduction in genetic material caused by clonal selection could have serious consequences. The ethics of clonal forestry have been questioned as have the ethics of biotechnological advances in the area of recombinant DNA molecules. The potential of both these techniques should be publicized and brought to the attention of the general public and the scientific community at large and evaluated. To improve our forest environment and to protect the environment as a whole, entomologists, geneticists, physiologists and silviculturalists must work together to produce better trees that require little, if any, chemical aid, be it insecticides, herbicides, fungicides or fertilizers. An increasing awareness of the environmental problems generated by large-scale insecticide applications to forest plantations, coupled with an increasingly chemophobic work-force and the difficulty in obtaining pesticide registration for use in forest environments, means that the forest industry world-wide must look to the use of integrated control measures with more diligence than has been shown in the past. Many recent outbreaks of pests and diseases have been linked with particular seed origins of tree crops. Host plant resistance as part of a suite of other proposed integrated control tools is thus an obvious candidate for development. Despite this, scientists concerned with tree improvement continue to select largely for silvicultural traits rather than for resistance to pests and disease. The different avenues open to plant breeders are examined and the potential of breeding trees resistant to insect attack highlighted. Using resistant trees as part of an integrated pest management system has five very important properties. Firstly, there is no additional pest control cost to the grower, secondly, it operates at all levels of insect incidence and not just when the pest is at high population levels, thirdly, it reduces the insect population cumulatively, fourthly it avoids toxic residues and environmental pollution and, finally, it usually interacts well with the other integrated pest management strategies in existence.     

筛选和利用拮抗细菌防治水稻纹枯病和恶苗病的研究

土壤中存在大量有益的拮抗细菌。将纹枯菌菌核埋入稻田中可富集拮抗菌,经分离、筛选和测定,并通过拮抗细菌悬浮液抑制纹枯菌菌核萌发、种子细菌化处理等试验,获得了91、31-2、23和204等4个较好的拮抗细菌菌株。对纹枯病菌的拮抗带分别为10.0、12.7、6.7和11.0毫米;萌发率分别为22.9％、42.9％、28.6％和60.0％。应用后,水稻植株上的纹枯病的病斑高度,比对照分别低14.0％、22.4％、11.8％和16.4％;恶苗病徒长苗数比对照分别减少55.7％、49.2％、32.8％和50.8％。     

Cropping systems for the management of phytonematodes

Damage caused by nematodes is one of the limiting factors in crop production. Traditional nematode management is based on the use of crop rotations, resistant cultivars, nematicides, or combinations of these methods. For a crop like peanut (Arachis hypogaea), cultivars resistant to root-knot nematodes are not available. There are soybean (Glycine max) cultivars resistant to some of the species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); however, most fields have nematode infestations composed of mixtures of species. Research at Auburn has shown that tropical crops can be used effectively in rotation to manage nematode problems. Rotations with American jointvetch (Aeschynomene americana), castor (Ricinus communis), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta), partridge pea (Cassia fasciculata), sesame (Sesamum indicum), and velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana) have resulted in good nematode control and increased yields of peanut and soybean. Some crops (castor, sesame) are considered ‘active’ in that they produce compounds that are nematicidal, whereas others (e.g. corn, sorghum) are simply non-host, that is, ‘passive’.     

苏云金素在水中和植株上的衰减与残留

用ＨＰＬＣ检测了苏云金素在鱼塘水和清水中的衰减速率。清水中该物质的半衰期长达４３３小时；在鱼塘水中苏云素的衰减呈双指数消除模型，开始消除半衰期为２．４３－１０．６８小时，终末消除半衰期为１２８．５７－１４２．０１小时。