微囊藻水华叠加对太湖沉积物中细菌垂直分布的影响

为研究微囊藻水华爆发对沉积物中细菌的影响,加强对富营养化湖泊细菌生态分布和环境调控原理的认识,选取太湖竺山湾沉积物柱状样,经添加高浓度微囊藻培养后,采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis;PCR-DGGE)方法,分析细菌在沉积物中的垂直分布特征.结果显示,微囊藻水华叠加对于沉积物剖面表层细菌群落结构影响很小,对沉积物中细菌垂直分布的影响不大,仅在7 ～9 cm深度之间有一定影响.     

Lethal effects caused by suspended particles and sediment load on zoospores and gametophytes of the brown alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eisenia bicyclis</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   The effects caused by suspended particles in seawater and sediment cover of the substrate on the attachment to the substrate of zoospores, and on the subsequent growth and survival of gametophytes of the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis were examined in the laboratory. The attachment rate to the substrate of the zoospores was remarkably reduced by the sediment cover on the substrate, and it decreased to 3.8% of the no-sediment control by a slight sediment cover of 3.0 mg/cm² (0.048 mm in thickness). The growth of gametophytes was not inhibited at 10 mg/cm² or less of sediment cover, though it was stopped at 30 mg/cm². The survival rate of gametophytes became 39.4% at 5 mg/cm² on the substrate, and gametophytes were all blighted at 30 mg/cm². The ratio of male to female of the surviving gametophytes became 81.5:18.5, when the sediment cover was 10 mg/cm². The rate of total loss ( TL [%]) of zoospores and gametophytes of Eisenia bicyclis was obtained from the following equation: TL  = 100 (1 − exp[−0.0339  C ] exp[−1.24  Q ]), where, C (mg/L) and Q (mg/cm²) indicate the concentration of suspended particles in seawater and the sediment on the substrate, respectively.     

养殖模式对草鱼池塘底泥微生物群落结构影响的分析

为了解养殖模式对主养草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)池塘底泥微生物群落结构的影响,使用高通量测序方法分析了山塘、精养和鱼菜共生三种模式下草鱼池塘底泥微生物的结构特征.结果显示:(1)精养池塘水体CODMn、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)[(35.67～108.34)mg/L、(3.40～7.93)m...     

有机质对大型富营养化浅水湖泊沉积物磷吸附特征的影响

以大型浅水湖泊(太湖和巢湖)为研究对象,系统分析了沉积物有机质(OM)含量和组成、磷吸附参数、磷形态及间隙水溶解反应性磷(SRP)浓度在水平方向上的分布.吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)与SRP浓度的比较结果表明,在太湖北部与巢湖南淝河入湖口等污染较严重的区域,沉积物仍表现出吸附磷的功能;OM与土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)、磷吸附指数和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著正相关,有机质分解所产生的小分子物质可增加磷的吸附容量;添加小分子有机质的室内模拟试验进一步证实了上述假设,糖类主要影响磷的吸附能,而氨基酸主要增加最大吸附量.有机质自身及其降解产物以不同方式影响沉积物对磷的吸附能力,并据此调节湖泊富营养化过程.     

Effects of tidal flat reclamation on sediment quality and hypoxia in Isahaya Bay

• 1. Ariake Bay, which is located in western Japan, has a large tidal range (>6 m) and a vast tidal flat (200 km²). In the early 1990s, the government‐managed Isahaya Reclamation Project began in the western part of Ariake Bay. A 16‐km² area of tidal flat in the inner part of Isahaya Bay was destroyed through reclamation and separated from the sea by a dyke, which created land and a freshwater reservoir.
• 2. Since the initiation of the project, fishery yields around Isahaya Bay have dramatically decreased. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between the work associated with the Isahaya Reclamation Project and the recent environmental deterioration in Ariake Bay, with references to present sediment thickness and organic matter content, and hypoxic water distributions in Isahaya Bay.
• 3. The organic matter load from the reservoir has increased since the initiation of the reclamation project and has been associated with a thick layer of fine sediment at the bottom of Isahaya Bay. The thickness of fine sediment and the total organic carbon content were higher in Isahaya Bay than in the freshwater reservoir.
• 4. Based on measurements in August 2001, hypoxic water spread widely in and around Isahaya Bay; the lowest dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (0.53 mg L^?1) was observed just outside the dyke. An analysis based on a two‐layered box model using data obtained in August 2001 showed that the DO consumption rate in the bottom layer was high (0.61 mg O₂ L^?1 day^?1), and that 22–41% of the total organic carbon load needed to induce the hypoxic water was derived from the reclamation area.
• 5. Our findings strongly suggest that enclosed seas may suffer from eutrophic and hypoxic conditions because of their low seawater‐exchange rate. A comprehensive conservation programme and environmental assessment including physical and material transport processes in the system is needed to manage the environment of the enclosed sea.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河南中牟县万滩镇养殖池塘底泥重金属污染评价

调查了河南中牟县万滩镇养殖池塘底泥中Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Hg等重金属元素的分布特征,并以内梅罗综合污染指数评价法对其污染状况进行评价。结果表明,该地区首要污染重金属Cr平均含量高达53.35mg/kg,超无公害水产品产地环境要求国家标准最高限量幅度为6.7%;Cd含量在0.07~1.13 mg/kg之间,其平均值0.45 mg/kg未超过无公害水产品产地环境要求,但超出《土壤环境质量标准》Ⅰ类;Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg含量范围分别7.98~40.31 mg/kg、30.24~80.22 mg/kg、11.29~24.50 mg/kg、0.08~0.17 mg/kg,平均值均未超过2项国家标准最高限值;以《农产品安全质量无公害水产品产地环境要求》为评价标准,利用内梅罗综合污染指数法评价重金属综合污染指数表明,该地区的污染状态主要为警戒级和轻微污染级。     

中国对虾亲虾的能量代谢研究

本试验测定了中国对虾亲虾在禁食和静息状态下的耗氧率、二氧化碳排出率和氨氮排泄率,研究了它们的呼吸商、氧氮比、能源的化学本质及其消耗量之比。结果表明,体重为85.1±14.8克的亲虾,在水温19～22℃时的耗氧率为0.25±0.08毫克/克·小时,二氧化碳排出率为0.28±0.09毫克/克·小时,氨氮排泄率为8.86±3.53微克/克·小时;亲虾以蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的混台物为能源,其中以蛋白质为主,脂肪次之,碳水化合物的利用最少;亲虾的耗氧率(Y)与体重(W)呈负相关,Y=1.89W~(-1.3),而与性腺发育的影响则相反,性腺发育好的亲虾代谢率高,性腺发育差的亲虾代谢率低。     

Survival and growth of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Brandt: a comparison between suspended and bottom cultures in a subtropical fish farm during summer

The feasibility of co‐culturing the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Brandt in a subtropical fish farm was investigated in a field study. Sea cucumbers were cultured in the fish farm in cages suspended at 4 m deep (suspended culture) and directly on the seafloor (bottom culture). The survival and growth of the sea cucumbers were monitored twice during the 3‐month, summer experimental period (May 26–August 14, 2010). Results showed that the suspension‐cultured sea cucumbers exhibited excellent survival rate (100%) during the whole study period. There also occurred no mortality in the bottom‐cultured sea cucumbers during the first culture period (May 26–July 13); but all these died from anoxia caused by water column stratification during the second culture period (July 14–August 14). The specific growth rate of the bottom‐cultured sea cucumbers (1.05 ± 0.21 % day^?1) was nearly double that of the suspended culture animals (0.57 ± 0.21 % day^?1) during the first culture period, and the growth rates of the suspended culture sea cucumbers in the second culture periods (0.46 ± 0.24 % day^?1) was only a little lower than that of the first period. The sea cucumbers H. leucospilota could ingest and assimilate sediment with high organic matter content with an average assimilation efficiency of 14.9 ± 3.9%. This study indicated that fish farm detritus can be effectively used as a food source for the sea cucumber and that it can be turned into a valuable secondary crop in the form of the sea cucumber biomass.     

斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥微生物群落结构特征及其影响因素

微生物群落在水产养殖环境中起着重要作用,深入了解微生物群落组成及其构建机制对了解池塘生态功能具有重要意义。本研究通过高通量测序技术研究斑点叉尾鮰（）养殖池塘底泥中细菌群落机构特征,并分析了细菌群落的主要影响因素。结果显示,斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥细菌群落结构呈现出季节性变化,冬春季样品相似性较高。斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥优势菌群主要为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）,与池塘水体细菌群落间有明显的差别。线性判别分析显示,冬、春和秋季的特异性优势菌群较为丰富,冬季和春季分布较为集中,分别集中于浮霉菌、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门和厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门,秋季特异性优势菌群分布特别分散,而夏季优势细菌类群最少,只有绿弯菌门厌氧绳菌属1个属具有显著优势。环境因子中,透明度和总溶解性悬浮物与斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥细菌群落结构有显著相关（<0.05）,对细菌群落结构的影响也最大。本研究旨为斑点叉尾鮰池塘微生物群落的变化和调控提供借鉴。     

辽东湾北部近海海域表层沉积物类型及分布特征

对2004年采自辽东湾北部近海海域的16个表层沉积物样品作了粒度分析和粒度参数计算,并进行了沉积物分类和分布特征的研究,结果表明,辽东湾北部近海的表层沉积物粒度主要由粉砂组成,平均含量65.15%,平均粒径5.031。总的特征是在5~10 m等深线,沉积物粒度的平均粒径由东部的4.530、中部的5.050逐渐增大到西部的6.236。沉积物粒度的组成类型由东向西按粉砂质砂→砂质粉砂→粉砂→砂-粉砂-黏土→黏土质粉砂由粗至细排列。