华西雨屏区5种坡地利用方式产流产沙与养分流失特征

选择5种坡地利用方式,分别是裸地、农耕地(玉米)、荒草地、巨桉林地Ⅰ与巨桉林地Ⅱ,建立人工径流小区,对2006年6～11月各小区产流产沙及养分流失进行对比研究.结果表明:(1)5种坡地利用方式产流产沙差异显著(P＜0.05),径流深依次是裸地(250.9 mm)＞农耕地(232.9 mm)＞荒草地(175.4 mm)＞巨桉林地Ⅰ(170.5 mm)＞巨桉林地Ⅱ(141.3 mm);产沙量大小依次为:农耕地(313.63 t/km2)＞裸地(176.80 t/km2)＞荒草地(94.45 t/km2)＞巨桉林地Ⅰ(90.58 t/km2)＞巨桉林地Ⅱ(36.37 t/km2).(2)5种坡地利用方式养分流失差异显著(P＜0.05),其流失量大小顺序均为钾素＞磷素＞氮素.其中,氮素与磷素流失以水溶态为主,平均为96.16%与69.45%;钾素以颗粒态(与泥沙结合态)为主,平均为74.93%.(3)不同坡地产流产沙主要影响因素不同,裸地与农耕地受降雨影响较大,而荒草地与巨桉林地受人为干扰因素较大.(4)调整农事活动、改善经营措施与减少人为干扰对防止坡地产流产沙以及养分流失具有重要作用.     

围封沙化草地"种子岛"效应研究

在浑善达克沙地南缘,以围封7年的沙化草地以及围栏外周围不同地段作为研究对象,通过对比分析围栏外不同地段,草地群落特征及土壤根系含量,并以围栏内草地作对照,对围封沙化草地的“种子岛”效应进行了尝试性研究。结果表明:围封沙化草地有显著的“种子岛”效应,且这一效应约在围栏500 m外逐渐消失。另外,这一效应还显示出,围封沙化草地具有以围栏为中心,成辐射状促进周边草地植被恢复的作用。     

Visual MODFLOW在李官堡水源地水流模拟中的应用

数值模拟方法目前是模拟地下水流动和评价地下水资源量的主要技术方法之一。Visual MODFLOW软件具有系统化和可视化的突出特点,因此应用该软件建立地下水系统的数学模型,对沈阳市李官堡水源地的水流情况进行了模拟和预测。模拟结果表明,该水源地为建设项目提供所需的9.8×104m3/d水量是可行的。模型的建立对傍河型水源地的建设和开采水量的预测有一定的借鉴价值。     

红壤区稀土矿开发导致河流泥沙淤积量的估算--以江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域为例

不合理的人为活动是侵蚀产沙的主要原因之一。在江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域内由于稀土矿产的无序开发,导致河流泥沙严重淤积。通过实测河流淤积泥沙断面,计算出在7 500 m长的河道共淤积泥沙30 193 t,考虑到输移比,整个流域内土壤流失量可达3 500 t/km2,平均侵蚀模数也高达1 150 t/(km2.a)以上,属于中等强度的土壤侵蚀。调查结果发现,河流中淤积的泥沙主要来源于稀土矿开发的尾矿流失;土壤流失量高到99 730 t/km2,年平均侵蚀模数为34 000 t/(km2.a)以上,属于极强度的水土流失。治理水土流失,须加强对稀土矿开发的管理,防止形成新的水土流失;将已废弃的稀土尾矿作为治理的重中之重,可有效地降低流域内土壤侵蚀的强度。     

滨岸排污口对潮滩沉积物中重金属的影响研究

通过对排污口附近及对照点的潮滩沉积物中重金属Zn ,Cu ,Cr和Pb的含量分析发现:各采样点沉积物中的重金属含量均高于环境背景值,平均含量约为环境背景值的2～3倍,排污口附近潮滩沉积物中重金属的含量明显高于对照点潮滩沉积物中的含量;各采样点的柱状沉积物中重金属的含量随深度的变化呈现出一定的变化规律;在垃圾填埋场附近高中低潮滩由于距离排污口的远近不同,表层沉积物中重金属的含量依次降低;对各采样点沉积物中重金属含量的相关性分析发现各点沉积物中累积的重金属的来源有所不同:在排污口附近潮滩的沉积物中重金属主要来源于排污口排放的污水,而对照点朝阳农场潮滩沉积物中重金属主要来源于自然的本底输入或海水外源输入     

Sedimentary characterization of Tagus estuarine beaches (Portugal)

Background, Aim and Scope  The distribution of sediments in estuarine beaches is controlled by the interactions between sediment supply, hydrodynamic processes and human intervention. The main purpose of this study is to characterize the sediments of Tagus estuarine beaches in order to understand their origin and to contribute to a better knowledge of the Tagus estuary sediment budget. Methods  Surface sediment samples were collected across beach profiles and sand grain size analysis was performed by dry sieving. Grain size statistics for the median (d₅₀) and standard deviation (SDM) were obtained using the Moment method. This study was complemented by a qualitative evaluation of the sediment composition. Cross-shore topographic surveys were conducted for selected sampling sites. Results  Tagus estuarine beach sediments are mainly composed of quartz sand particles which are fine-grained and well sorted near the mouth of the estuary and medium to coarse-grained and moderately sorted in the inner domain. Compositional results show evidence of active anthropogenic sediment sources, especially in the coarser fractions. Discussion  The analysis of the textural and compositional characteristics of beach sediments in the inner estuarine domain is compatible with local sedimentary sources, while a marine signature is present at the mouth and inlet channel sediments. In the inner domain, differences in the sedimentary processes are represented by the textural characteristics of the sediments, such as the sorting degree and the gravel content. Sediment characteristics also reflect human intervention in the system, with the introduction of anthropogenic and allochthonous particles and the mixture of sediments from different sources. Conclusions  The sediments of the inner Tagus estuarine beaches are derived from local Plio-Pleistocene outcrops while inlet and outer estuary beaches reveal a dominant marine source. Beach textural variability observed in the inner domain is not related to wave forcing gradients, but mainly to variations in the sedimentary processes along the estuarine margins and to human intervention. Results show that the Tagus estuarine beaches depended, almost exclusively, on sediment input from local sources until the last century. With increasing human occupation, sediment transfers became dominated by anthropogenically related activities mainly connected with the occupation of estuarine margins and dredging. Recommendations and Perspectives  Further studies should extend the present level of knowledge in what concerns sand transport patterns through additional compositional and geochemical analysis, and the development of new techniques in order to allow the quantitative evaluation of the impact of human activities on the sediment budget.     

黄河源区气候温暖化及其对植被生产力影响评价

在分析黄河源区气温、降水变化的基础上，用Turc经验模式计算黄河源区的蒸散量，同时分析了近十几年来土壤湿度、植被地上净初级生产力的变化特征。结果表明，1959—2005年，黄河源区年平均气温按0．0284℃／a的变率升高，降水变化态势平稳，但蒸散量增加趋势明显，上升倾向率达0．7315mm／a，气温上升趋势与年代增加具有明显的相关性。从1987年以来土壤湿度的监测结果分析得知，黄河源区下垫面蒸散量的加大使土壤向干暖化发展。这种气候因素的影响，导致近十几年来植被地上净初级生产力按9．506g／（m^2a）的倾向率下降。     

黄土高原粗泥沙集中来源区水沙变化特征及趋势性分析

黄土高原粗泥沙集中来源区为治理黄河泥沙的重点核心地区.根据1960-1999年黄土高原粗泥沙集中来源区皇甫川、孤山川I、窟野河,秃尾河和佳芦河径流及输沙资料,以流域为单元,分析了区内各流域径流量、输沙量的年内、年际变化特征及变化趋势.结果表明,区内径流量及输沙量的年际、年内变化较大.在季节上,除秃尾河径流量集中期为6月份外,其余4条流域径流量的集中期均为8月份;5条流域输沙量的集中期均为8月份.各流域径流量、输沙量的突变时间均在20世纪70年代,说明各流域水沙量呈现减少的趋势,尤以20世纪90年代减少最明显.人类活动和气候变化是影响该区内各流域水沙变化的主要因素.     

四川省紫色土地区小流域次降雨泥沙输移比探讨

选取四川省南部县鹤鸣观小流域与李子口小流域为研究区,在分布式侵蚀产沙模型侵蚀量计算值的基础上,探讨了小流域次降雨泥沙输移比.结果表明,在这两个流域,影响次降雨泥沙输移比的主要因素不同.在鹤鸣观小流域降雨量与径流深是影响泥沙输移比的主要因素,而在李子口流域,其主要因素为径流深与降雨强度.主要原因是鹤鸣观小流域的面积远小于李子口流域的面积,并且次降雨泥沙输移比随着流域面积增加而输移比逐渐减小.通过分析鹤鸣观小流域与李子口小流域次降雨泥沙输移比与降雨量、前期含水量、径流系数的关系得到了两个流域次降雨泥沙输移比公式.