雨强对华北土石山区坡面侵蚀及其颗粒富集过程的影响

为研究雨强对华北土石山区坡面侵蚀过程和泥沙颗粒分布规律的影响,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,以华北土石山区2种典型土壤为研究对象,在4种雨强(30,60,90,120mm/h)条件下,分析了径流的变化过程和侵蚀泥沙的颗粒组成及其颗粒富集率的变化规律。结果表明:(1)随着雨强从30mm/h增大至120mm/h,黄土性褐土和石灰性褐土的产流时间均逐渐减小,分别缩短了79%和85%;(2)在60,90,120mm/h雨强条件下,黄土性褐土的径流强度和泥沙浓度均随降雨时间先减小后增大,而后趋于稳定状态,石灰性褐土仅在120mm/h雨强条件下出现相似规律;(3)当雨强从30mm/h增大至120mm/h,黄土性褐土泥沙流失朝粗颗粒化发展,侵蚀泥沙的砂粒和粗粉粒含量分别增加了86%和21%,而石灰性褐土的变化不明显;(4)在降雨初始阶段,粒径较小的黏粒和细粉粒明显富集,而粒径较大的粗粉粒和砂粒不易流失,但随着降雨历时的延长,不同粒径泥沙颗粒的富集率趋于1,这种现象在大雨强下表现得尤为明显。     

淤地坝赋存信息在流域侵蚀产沙研究中的应用

黄土高原淤地坝在拦蓄大量泥沙的同时,也赋存了大量环境变化信息。该文从淤地坝赋存信息在小流域侵蚀产沙速率、泥沙来源和泥沙输移比研究方面的作用进行了归纳和总结,分析了目前研究中存在的问题,提出了今后研究的发展方向,以期能为更好地利用这些赋存信息,发挥其在黄土高原土壤侵蚀和环境演变过程研究中的作用提供参考。     

基于文献计量的巢湖农业面源污染概况分析

为了解巢湖农业面源污染的研究进展,明确该领域的研究现状和热点,以CNKI、维普、SCOPUS数据库为基础,采用文献计量的方法对巢湖农业面源污染主题的文献进行检索。结果表明：巢湖流域治理方向的发文量最多,其中大多数是从源头控制、中间拦截、末尾治理定性叙述的,模型和现状的关注度也比较高,主要参考国外通用模型进行验证及负荷估算等。安徽农业大学和合肥工业大学等机构为巢湖该领域发展做出很大贡献;马友华团队等是该领域的核心团队,主要发文期刊有《中国农学通报》、《安徽农学通报》、《水土保持学报》、《环境科学学报》等。由此发现,巢湖流域的研究热点集中在治理方向,其中定性叙述治理措施文献偏多,定量研究治理效果和生态补偿标准的确定是未来的一个发展方向,模型的创新性有待于提高。     

LNG冷能作为冷链物流业新冷源的回顾与展望

液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)气化过程会释放大量的冷能.面对冷链物流日益增长的冷能供给需求,将LNG冷能作为冷链物流的补充冷源,能够有效扩大冷能供给实现路径,改变目前冷能供给单一模式状况.本文从国内外对LNG冷能的利用情况、我国冷链物流业对LNG冷能的需求和LNG冷能在冷链物流业的应用等方面进行了总结与回顾,分析指出了LNG冷能在冷链物流业应用中存在的问题,对未来LNG冷能作为冷链物流业新冷源利用提出了建议.     

近50年来黄河源区水文要素周期性分析及模拟

寒区水文过程是寒区生态系统中的重要环节之一,水热状况将直接决定高寒地区的生态环境状况.用滑动趋势法和墨西哥帽状小波变化分别获取了研究区域近50年来气候变化的年际年代变化及其周期分析,基于青藏高原太阳辐射平衡已有成果,结合联合国粮农组织推荐的彭曼-蒙蒂斯模型,对于达日县可能蒸散发进行了数值模拟.得出以下主要结论:近50年来达日县降水年增加率为0.557 mm/a,而该县最大可能蒸散发量的年增加率为0.132 mm/a,气候总体趋势是由干旱向湿润方向发生转变;达日县年气温序列主要呈现20 a、15 a、7 a和5 a的周期振荡,年降水序列表现为15～20 a和7～8 a的周期振荡;近20年来可能蒸散发呈递减的趋势,汛期序列递减率为0.046 7 mm/a,冬春序列递减率为0.108 4 mm/a.     

密云水库源区曹家路流域生态治理效果分析

北京市针对水源地治理问题提出了构筑"生态修复、生态治理、生态保护"三道水源防线的发展模式.通过2006年7月至2008年7月的实地野外试验,对北京市重要水源地密云水库源区曹家路流域的农业面源污染、有机物污染情况等进行了跟踪调查和研究.研究结果反应出北京市水源地水土保持及清洁小流域治理工程的效果明显,并给出了该水源地今后治理与发展的建议.     

不同基因型抗虫棉的光合生产与叶源特征

以33B为对照,对早发型常规Bt棉鲁棉研17、鲁棉研21,晚发型Bt棉鲁棉研22,杂交Bt棉鲁棉研15、鲁棉研20进行了2年的种植和比较。早发型品种中前期干物质积累和叶面积增长快,但后期干物质积累慢、叶面积下降快,表现出明显的早发早熟和干旱年份易早衰的特点;晚发型品种前期干物质积累和叶面积增长慢,但后期增长快,表现出明显的晚发甚至贪青晚熟的特点。两个杂交棉品种表现出与早发型品种基本相同的生育规律,但中前期叶面积系数和干物质积累量显著高于其它供试品种。盛铃期以前,未见品种间功能叶光合速率的显著差异,但在干旱年份,早发型品种在始絮期功能叶的光合速率显著低于晚发型品种。早发型品种中后期的根冠比和功能叶含K量显著低于晚发型品种,而叶面积载荷量却显著高于晚发型品种。不同品种干物质产量和熟相的差异可能分别与叶面积系数大小和库源比例不同有关。     

农业非点源污染国内外研究进展

农业非点源污染正日益成为水体富营养化最主要的污染源,并已成为当前限制我国经济可持续发展的重要因素。笔者从农业非点源污染物迁移转化机制、非点源污染物的防控机制、非点源污染模型模拟、农业非点源污染研究中的尺度问题等方面对国内外研究进展进行了论述。提出我国非点源污染研究需在以下方面有所加强：（1）非点源污染物耦合作用下的运移;（2）转化机理及其界面行为过程机制研究;（3）不同空间尺度和格局农业非点源污染物的迁移转化规律;（4）适合我国不同区域特色的非点源污染机理模型研究。     

Temporal variability in water quality of agricultural tailwaters: Implications for water quality monitoring

Accurate assessments of non-point source pollution and the associated evaluation of mitigation strategies depend on effective water quality monitoring programs. Intensive irrigation season water quality monitoring was conducted on three agricultural drains (6 h to daily sampling) along with analysis of decade long records from two larger agricultural drains (biweekly to monthly sampling) in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Analyses revealed significant temporal variability in concentrations of nutrients, salts, and turbidity over short time-scales (<1 day), as well as significant differences in monthly and annual mean concentrations. Statistical techniques were used to evaluate the sampling intensity required to meet rigorous confidence and accuracy criteria, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of different sampling strategies (e.g. grab samples versus composite samples). The number of samples required to determine mean constituent concentrations within 20% of the mean at a 95% confidence level ranged from 2 to 39 samples per month (SPM) for total phosphorus, 1-16 SPM for total nitrogen, 5-25 SPM for turbidity, and 1-3 SPM for electrical conductivity. Using a daily composite sample (4 subsamples per composite) instead of discrete samples was shown to maintain the same accuracy and confidence standards, while reducing the required sample number by up to 50%. This study emphasizes the value of a statistical approach for evaluating water quality monitoring strategies, and provides a framework through which cost-benefit analysis can be implemented in the development of monitoring plans.     

Water production functions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with saline and alkali waters using double-line source sprinkler system

Expected yield losses as a function of quality and quantity of water applied for irrigation are required to formulate guidelines for the effective utilisation of marginal quality waters. In an experiment conducted during 2004-2006, double-line source sprinklers were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of saline and alkali irrigation waters on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included three water qualities: groundwater (GW; electrical conductivity of water, ECw 3.5 dS m⁻¹; sodium adsorption ratio, SAR 9.8 mmol L⁻¹; residual sodium carbonate, RSC, nil) available at the site, and two synthesized waters, saline (SW; ECw 9.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR 10.3 mmol L⁻¹; RSC nil) and alkali (AW; ECw 3.7 dS m⁻¹, SAR 15.1 mmol L⁻¹; RSC 9.6 meq. L⁻¹). The depths of applied SW, AW, and GW per irrigation ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm; the depths of applied mixtures of GW with either SW (MSW) or AW (MAW) ranged from 3.2 to 5 cm. Thereby, the water applied for post-plant irrigations using either of GW, SW or AW ranged between 15.2 and 34.6 cm and 17.1 and 48.1 cm during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively and the range was 32.1-37.0 and 53.1-60.0 cm for MSW or MAW. Grain yields, when averaged for two years, ranged between 3.08 and 4.36 Mg ha⁻¹, 2.57 and 3.70 Mg ha⁻¹ and 2.73 and 3.74 Mg ha⁻¹ with various quantities of water applied using GW, SW and AW, respectively, and between 3.47 and 3.75 Mg ha⁻¹ and 3.63 and 3.77 Mg ha⁻¹ for MSW and MAW, respectively. The water production functions developed for the two sets of water quality treatments could be represented as: RY = 0.528 + 0.843(WA/OPE) − 0.359(WA/OPE)² − 0.027ECw + 0.44 × 10⁻²(WA/OPE) × ECw for SW (R² = 0.63); RY = 0.446 + 0.816(OPE/WA) − 0.326(WA/OPE)² − 0.0124RSC − 0.55 × 10⁻⁴(WA/OPE) × RSC for AW (R² = 0.56). Here, RY, WA and OPE are the relative yields in reference to the maximum yield obtained with GW, water applied for pre- and post-plant irrigations (cm), and open pan evaporation, respectively. Crop yield increased with increasing amount of applied water for all of the irrigation waters but the maximum yields as obtained with GW, could not be attained even with increased quantities of SW and AW. Increased frequency of irrigation with sprinklers reduced the rate of yield decline with increasing salinity in irrigation water. The sodium contents of plants increased with salinity/alkalinity of sprinkled waters as also with their quantities. Simultaneous decrease in potassium contents resulted in remarkable increase in Na:K ratio.