正反螺旋式土壤改良石灰播撒机设计与试验

为了提高石灰播撒的效率和精准控制播撒量,研制了正反螺旋式石灰播撒机,并与旋耕机组合成一体机,采用复合作业方式。该文论述了正反螺旋式石灰播撒机的结构和工作原理、灰量调节机构原理和调节方法,并对播撒机的出灰口尺寸和播撒辊的转速进行了试验设计,计算了播撒机的总功率;最后将石灰播撒旋耕机一体机在冬天的稻田进行石灰播撒-旋耕组合的田间试验。结果表明:当石灰播撒-旋耕一体机前进速度平均为5 km/h,播撒辊转速为80 r/min,调节机构档位处于最大播撒量的13档时,满足第1年的播撒量要求;当档位分别位于12档(或10档)和7档时,播撒量分别满足第2年和第3年的播撒量要求。该研究为改善农业作业条件、降低劳动力成本、提高石灰播撒效率提供了参考。     

螺杆挤压膨化机加工农作物秸秆的试验研究

利用小型自热式单螺杆挤压膨化机对农作物秸秆进行膨化加工试验。将螺杆螺距、喷嘴出口间隙、秸秆物料含水率、秸秆物料粒度作为试验因素，经单因素试验和二次通用旋转组合试验找出其对秸秆膨化加工性能(膨化压力、生产率、度电产量等)的影响规律，并经优化设计得出最佳参数组合。利用电子显微扫描观察和分析膨化及未膨化玉米秸、豆秸的微观结构的变化，对农作物秸秆膨化机理进行了初步探讨，并通过膨化和未膨化玉米秸、豆秸的营养成分对照测试分析，证实了秸秆膨化能够改善秸秆的理化性状和营养成分，为提高秸秆的利用率和可消化率创造了条件。     

汽缸与曲轴修理对发动机压缩比的影响

发动机汽缸和曲轴修理中,往往影响发动机压缩比的变化。由于燃烧室结构形状复杂,给计算压缩比变化带来不便。本文通过分析,提出了计算压缩比变化的简便方法。     

车齿原理与刀具设计的研究

In this paper, the principle to form curves and curved surfaces by gear turning is put forward. The designing principle and calculating formulas of the cutter with arbitrary teeth profile for gear turning is derived from the processing of the cylindrical     

BBP112型枝丫材剥皮机主要参数的确定与计算

本文对BBP112型枝丫材剥皮机的合理装填量、枝丫材长度和合理转速的确定进行了介绍。并对该机所需功率及刀轴的强度和刚度等主要参数进行了设计计算。为使用和设计该机提供了理论依据。     

In vitro evaluation of screws and suture anchors in metaphyseal bone of the canine tibia

OBJECTIVE: To compare ease of insertion, load to failure, and mode of failure of cortical and cancellous screws, BoneBiter, IMEX, and TwinFix suture anchors in canine metaphyseal tibial bone. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental biomechanical study. ANIMALS: Canine cadaveric tibias. METHODS: One investigator inserted all anchors and subjectively evaluated ease of placement. Anchor systems were loaded to failure along axis of insertion with audio-video recording to determine failure mode. RESULTS: BoneBiter was the most difficult anchor to insert successfully. Mean+/-SD loads to failure were cancellous screw (711+/-193 N), IMEX 4.7 mm 18 g wire (661+/-163 N), IMEX 4.0 mm 18 g wire (661+/-165 N), cortical screw (635+/-184 N), BoneBiter #5 Kevlar suture (393+/- 109 N), and TwinFix 5.0 mm #2 polyester (267+/-73 N). No significant differences were noted among the cortical screw, cancellous screw, IMEX 4.7 and 4.0 mm, all of which were significantly (P<.001) greater than BoneBiter and TwinFix . Failure modes were pullout of bone, suture-wire breakage, eyelet breakage, or no failure to 1000 N: screws (18,0,0,2), IMEX (18,1,1,0), BoneBiter (2,8,0,0), and TwinFix (0,10,0,0). CONCLUSIONS: Fixation devices were user friendly, with the exception of BoneBiter. Mode of failure is dependent on suture material and anchor design. Cortical and cancellous screws, and IMEX anchors with 18 g wire have significantly greater load to failure compared with BoneBiter and TwinFix suture anchors. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on load to failure, ease of use, design characteristics, and cost, IMEX anchors may have advantages over other comparable soft tissue fixation devices.     

Canine sacroiliac luxation: anatomic study of dorsoventral articular surface angulation and safe corridor for placement of screws used for lag fixation

OBJECTIVE: To define a safe corridor in the dorsoventral plane to facilitate placement of screws inserted in lag fashion within the sacral body for fixation of sacroiliac fracture-luxation injuries in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Anatomic study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Cadaveric canine sacra. METHODS: Canine sacra (n=45) were used for a radiographic study to define a safe corridor in the dorsoventral plane for placement of screws inserted in lag fashion for fixation of sacroiliac luxation in the dog. The defined safe corridor allowed drilling to a depth of 65% of the sacral width to ensure screw purchase of > or =60%. Effects of positioning and measurement techniques were evaluated. RESULTS: Eighty-seven safe corridors were measured. The mean articular surface was 100+/-4.52 degrees from horizontal. Mean maximum, optimum, and minimum safe corridor drill angles were 111+/- 4.57 degrees, 100+/-4.70 degrees, and 89+/-5.17 degrees, respectively, from the articular surface. Predicted surgeon error of +/-4 degrees was used to define the safe corridor for use clinically. CONCLUSIONS: In 91% of sacra, a drill angle of 100+/-4 degrees would remain ventral to the vertebral canal. Twelve sacra (14%) were at risk of penetration of the pelvic canal. A drill angle of 97+/-4 degrees avoids penetration of the vertebral canal in all sacra measured but risks ventral exit from the body in 30% of sacra studied. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A drill angle of 97 degrees from the articular surface is recommended for insertion of screws for lag fixation of canine sacroiliac luxation.     

Evaluation of 2 cement techniques for augmentation of stripped 1.5 mm screw sites in the distal metaphysis of feline radii

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of 2 cement augmentation techniques on pullout strength of 1.5 mm screws placed in stripped 1.5 mm screw sites in the distal metaphysis of feline radii. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Feline radii (21 pairs). METHODS: Treatment groups (n=4) were allocated according to a Latin square design to 4 sites in each pair of radii. Positive and negative controls were a 1.5 mm screw and a screw of the same diameter in a previously stripped screw hole, respectively. Treatment groups were a 1.5 mm screw implanted in a previously stripped screw hole after injection of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or a bioresorbable calcium phosphate cement (CPC, Norian skeletal repair system (SRS)). The ultimate pullout strength was compared between groups. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SEM) pullout strength of screws augmented with either bone cement was less than that of the positive control group and greater than that of the negative control. Injection of CPC or PMMA before screw implantation increased the pullout strength of the negative control by 86.8+/-22.9% and 104.1+/-32.1%, respectively. Holding power of the positive control screws differed from these 2 groups, and was 274.8+/-39.17% higher than that of the negative control. CONCLUSION: Injection of CPC or PMMA increases but does not restore the holding power of stripped 1.5 mm diameter screws. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of CPC (Norian SRS) augmentation of stripped 1.5 mm diameter screws warrants clinical investigation as it combines biomechanical results similar to PMMA with osteoconduction and resorbability.     

Increased sacral screw purchase minimizes screw loosening in canine triple pelvic osteotomy

OBJECTIVE: To determine if screw loosening in triple pelvic osteotomies (TPO) is minimized when screws cranial to the ilial osteotomy had maximal sacral purchase. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: Forty-six dogs with decreased acetabular coverage of the femoral head and minimal degenerative joint changes. METHODS: TPOs were performed where screws cranial to the ilial osteotomy were inserted to maximally engage sacral bone. Data collected were: use of ilial and ischial cerclage wire, screw length, ventrodorsal radiographic sacral width (most caudal aspect), pelvic canal diameter, and sacral penetration of the 3 cranial screws. On all subsequent radiographs, changes in screw position, pelvic canal diameter, and sacral purchase were noted. RESULTS: For 69 TPOs, 414 screws were used. Mean radiographic cranial screw length was 34.54 mm. Combined sacral depth of all 3 screws was 93.3% of sacral width. All osteotomies healed uneventfully. Twenty-four screws (6%) loosened with 12 being in the most cranial positions. Use of ischial or ilial cerclage wires did not statistically influence screw loosening. Pelvic diameter decreased by a mean of 7.79% from postoperative radiographs to the last radiographic recheck. CONCLUSIONS: By sufficiently engaging the sacrum with screws cranial to the ilial osteotomy, implant failures can be avoided and screw loosening minimized when a 6-hole TPO plate is used. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To minimize screw-loosening in TPO, screws inserted cranial to the ilial osteotomy should be inserted to maximum sacral depth without penetrating the vertebral canal.     

考虑摩擦和间隙的柔性滚珠丝杠进给系统建模与分析

为了研究高速滚珠丝杠进给伺服系统的动态特性,提出了一种建立进给系统机械子系统振动模型的混合建模方法,采用带有轴向和扭转自由度的欧拉-伯努利梁单元描述丝杠的轴向、扭转和弯曲振动,采用集中参数方法描述交流伺服驱动子系统和进给系统的其余部件,建立了包含摩擦、间隙非线性因素及外切削力干扰的柔性进给系统模型。实验证明了混合模型能够较准确反映机械系统的振动特性。在此基础上,数值仿真分析表明,低速运动中摩擦和间隙非线性会导致进给系统产生较大的速度波动,在高速运动中机械系统的轴向和扭转振动会导致进给系统不稳定。