基于像元尺度耕地质量局部空间自相关的基本农田划定

划定永久基本农田保护区是我国农业可持续发展的战略要求,耕地质量是保护区位置选择的重要依据。以湖北省嘉鱼县为例,引入植被指数信息,完善耕地质量综合评价指标体系,通过网络层次分析法确定指标权重,结合局部空间自相关分析结果,分别对基于耕地质量与莫兰指数的基本农田逐像元补划结果进行了分析。研究结果表明,嘉鱼县耕地综合质量在空间上表现出较强的相关性,全域和耕地范围的局部自相关系数分别为0. 864 5和0. 991 6;基于耕地质量和莫兰指数的划定结果在空间上保持高度的一致性,两种方法均优先将空间上呈HH型聚集的99. 97%的像元划入了基本农田保护区;两种方法互为补充,可以为最终决策提供参考。     

土壤消毒机蒸汽输送装置的设计与数值模拟

土传病虫害严重制约了设施栽培的发展。蒸汽消毒相比于其他土壤消毒方法,具有诸多优点,其利用高温杀死土壤中的病虫草害,提高了土壤的通透性和排水性,且对环境无任何污染。为此,基于脉冲式土壤蒸汽消毒机的总体结构,重点对蒸汽输送装置的注射针头以及蒸汽罩盖、针头间距、针头数目等蒸汽盘关键结构参数进行了设计。利用Fluent软件对土壤传热模型进行了数值模拟,分析了注射针头周围土壤的温度分布云图。结果表明:持续施加蒸汽7min、停止通蒸汽35min后,在半径10cm内、深度21cm范围内,土壤的温度能保持在90℃以上,验证了蒸汽输送装置结构的合理性。     

规模化猪舍废气复合净化系统设计与试验

为解决规模化猪舍废气排放造成的环境污染问题,设计了一种猪舍废气复合净化系统。该系统采用化学法与水洗法相结合,通过PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）控制系统实时采集净化系统内的pH值、电导率、液位和压差等动态环境数据,智能控制洗涤泵启停和电磁阀通断,自动完成供水、加酸、喷淋和排废4个工作环节。同时,控制系统采用MCGS触摸屏与PLC建立通讯,通过创建人机交互界面实现系统环境数据监测、运行状态流动显示、按需配置系统参数和报警信息输出等多种功能,实现了系统操作的人性化和过程的可视化。系统可根据实际应用中对净化效率和运行成本的要求,实现多种控制模式,均有效抑制了猪舍废气排放。试验结果表明,系统对主要污染成分氨气的平均去除率可达到85%,整体运行可靠、控制简单,经济成本量化清晰。该系统在江西某种猪场实施应用,成效显著,可为畜禽养殖环境废气净化处理的工程应用提供参考。     

丹参开花与繁育特性研究

 通过田间观察和人工授粉等方法, 对丹参( Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. ) 的开花生物学和繁育特性进行了初步研究。结果表明: 丹参为无限开花植物, 总状花序上通常有两性花近50朵, 单花花期5～7d, 从花前2 d到开花6 h花粉活力和柱头可授性都较大, 两者有效可遇期约为1.5 d, 可同花自交; 丹参自交结实和自然结实主要是通过同株异花传粉获得; 结合花粉/胚珠比、杂交指数以及繁育处理的结果认为,丹参不存在无融合生殖, 繁育类型为兼性异交, 自交亲和, 需要传粉者; 传粉媒介主要是蜂类。初步推断丹参为常异花授粉植物, 并对丹参育种中适宜采用的杂交方法及育种途径进行了探讨。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

农业灌溉节水潜力及回归水利用研究进展

目前,对农业灌溉节水潜力尚未形成一个统一、公认的概念,相应的评价和计算体系也没有很好地建立起来.对农业灌溉节水潜力方面的研究成果进行了全面的回顾总结,提出了存在的问题和以后研究的重点.指出不同尺度回归水重复利用的量化是合理计算真实节水潜力的关键.最后,对回归水重复利用研究计算方法进行了归纳总结,提出了考虑回归水重复利用率的灌溉节水潜力评价思路.     

Scale stocking checks to differentiate between hatchery-reared and wild mulloway Argyrosomus japonicus

Abstract  Scales from hatchery-reared, stocked and wild mulloway Argyrosomus japonicus (Temminck and Schlegel) captured in the Georges River, and a library of mulloway scales from coastal New South Wales, were examined for the presence of scale checks. Checks specific for hatchery-reared fish were present in 100% of recaptured hatchery-reared mulloway; the origin of which was confirmed by the presence of a chemical mark in the otolith or fin spine. Up to 7% of wild mulloway were incorrectly classified as hatchery-reared on the basis of these checks. An abrupt reduction in salinity from 35 to 5 and 6 days starvation successfully induced checks in the scales of hatchery-reared mulloway. The marking efficiency for stocking checks was comparable to that obtained using oxytetracycline hydrochloride, and supports the short-term use of scale stocking checks to evaluate mulloway stock enhancement programmes in Australia.     

银杏丰产栽培技术

银杏为我国传统的名贵树种,其生长缓慢、结实晚,一般要20多a才能开花结实,并且产量低。阐述银杏的生物学特征、繁殖方式、栽培管理方法、修剪整形及病虫害防治等实用技术,旨在为扩大银杏园林生产、提高银杏的种植质量和产量提供有益的参考。     

Effects of landscape structure on nest predation in roadsides of a midwestern agroecosystem: a multiscale analysis

Nest predation is an important cause of mortality for many bird species, especially in grassland ecosystems where generalist predators have responded positively to human disturbance and landscape fragmentation. Our study evaluated the influence of the composition and configuration of the surrounding landscape on nest predation. Transects consisting of 10 artificial ground nests each were set up in 136 roadsides in six watersheds in south-central Iowa. Nest predation on individual roadside transects ranged from 0 to 100% and averaged 23%. The relationship of landscape structure within spatially-nested landscapes surrounding each roadside transect (within 200, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 m of the transect line) to nest predation was evaluated by using multiple regression and canonical correlation analyses. The results of this multiscale landscape analysis demonstrated that predation on ground nests was affected by the surrounding landscape mosaic and that nest predators with different-sized home ranges and habitat affinities responded to landscapes in different ways. In general, wooded habitats were associated with greater nest predation, whereas herbaceous habitats (except alfalfa/pasture) either were associated with less nest predation or were not important. Different landscape variables were important at different spatial scales. Whereas some block-cover habitats such as woodland were important at all scales, others such as rowcrops and alfalfa/pasture were important at large scales. Some strip-cover habitats such as gravel roads and paved roads were important at small scales, but others such as wooded roadsides were important at all all scales. Most landscape metrics (e.g., mean patch size and edge density) were important at large scales. Our study demonstrated that the relationships between landscape structure and predator assemblages are complex, thus making efforts to enhance avian productivity in agricultural landscapes a difficult management goal.     

水稻病虫害统防统治工作的成效与思考——来自浙江省磐安县的实践

病虫害统防统治在保障国家粮食安全和促进农民增收增效方面取得了显著成效。磐安县位于浙江省中部山区,生态环境复杂,水稻病虫害种类、种群及发生规律复杂,病虫防治压力大。本文通过2008-2016年磐安县统防统治的探索,对磐安县水稻病虫害统防统治工作的成效及存在问题进行了分析,并提出推进统防统治的对策与建议。