土壤养分的空间分布及木薯产量障碍因子分析

采用地统计学的基本原理和方法,分析了广西武鸣县旱地土壤养分的空间分布状况及影响木薯产量的土壤障碍因子。结果表明,土壤的pH、有机质、速效P、速效K和有效Mo具有强烈的空间相关性,速效N、有效Cu和有效Fe具有中等的空间相关性,有效Zn和有效Mn具有弱空间相关性。运用GIS结合Kriging方法绘制的土壤养分障碍因子图,能够更加直观地了解到武鸣县旱地土壤养分的丰缺状况。在试验测试范围内,木薯产量与pH、有机质呈显著正相关,表明在酸性土壤中pH和有机质是影响木薯产量的促进因子;而土壤有效Fe含量较高,其含量与木薯产量呈极显著负相关,这可能是由于高含量有效Fe影响了其他养分的有效性,从而影响了木薯的产量。     

四川省四大植烟区土壤肥力评价

对四川省4个植烟区(攀枝花、广元、宜宾、泸州)的土壤样本进行养分测定,选取了阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质、p H、速效钾、碱解氮、全氮、全磷和全钾8项评价指标。运用主成分分析法确定各评价因子权重,隶属度函数模型确定各评价因子隶属度值,进而根据加乘法原理计算出土壤肥力综合指数(IFI),最后根据各样地IFI得分对土壤肥力进行分级。结果表明,攀枝花和广元植烟区土壤有机质、速效钾、碱解氮含量都偏低,泸州植烟区除碱解氮外其他营养成分含量都适中,适宜烟草生长,土壤肥力较高。四川省4个植烟区土壤肥力可分为Ⅰ级(较高),Ⅱ级(中等),Ⅲ级(较低),Ⅳ级(低)四个等级。4个植烟区土壤肥力质量排名为泸州广元宜宾攀枝花。     

粉煤灰场复垦地肥力状况及对土壤理化性质的影响

选择安徽省淮南市上窑镇粉煤灰处置场覆土复垦地为研究区域,测定覆土厚度和土壤剖面各层的容重、pH、含水量、有机质等理化性质,土壤总氮、有效磷、速效钾等养分含量,以及冬小麦抽穗期的生物量,研究粉煤灰处置场复垦土壤理化性质及其与土壤养分的相关性,不同覆土厚度复垦地冬小麦生长的差异性.结果表明,粉煤灰场复垦地土壤总氮含量约0.90 g/kg,有效磷和速效钾含量分别为12～76 mg/kg、114～135 mg/kg,土壤肥力与作物生长状况和自然农业土壤相比差异不显著;除复垦土壤厚度、容重、含水量对有效磷含量影响显著外,其余土壤养分与土壤理化性质和表土厚度的相关性不强.     

水土保持林体系研究的回顾

 水土保持林体系是防护林体系中重要的组成部分之一,在改善生态环境、防治水土流失中具有重要作用。回顾国内外水土保持林体系研究的发展历程,并就其主要成就和存在问题进行简要评述。奥地利、前苏联、中国,在水土保持林体系科研方面成绩突出,起到了带头作用。奥地利建立的森林工程措施综合治理体系,已被许多国家采纳和推广。前苏联在土壤侵蚀及水土保持林作用机制方面的研究,已成为各国水土保持林体系研究和营造的理论依据。我国提出的生态林业和生态经济型水土保持林理论,是对世界水土保持林体系发展的一大贡献。目前存在的主要问题是研究尺度小、林分稳定性差、无合适理论依据和空间配置不合理等。正确解决这些问题,应是未来水土保持林体系研究的方向。     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

等高反坡阶措施下玉米水分利用效率对坡耕地土壤水分变化的响应

【目的】探明坡耕地等高反坡阶措施下作物水分利用效率对土壤水分变化的响应,为云南坡耕地作物种植提供科学依据。【方法】以玉米为供试材料,在2019－2020年进行大田试验,设置等高反坡阶措施（2个不同坡度布设等高反坡阶的坡耕地样地）与原状坡耕地无处理（1个未扰动的对照样地）两种处理方式,通过野外定位监测方法,分别在玉米播种前及拔节期、抽雄期、吐丝期、灌浆期和成熟期,使用时域反射仪（TDR-300）在坡上、坡中、坡下3个坡位随机选点测定0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm和30～40 cm土层的土壤体积含水率,并分析作物群体光合势（LAD）、叶片瞬时水分利用效率(LWUE)的相关响应。【结果】等高反坡阶措施下玉米群体光合势（LAD）高于对照样地,其中以坡中促进效果最为显著,平均增幅为19.3%,且在生长后期保持相对较高的LAD并持续较长时间;等高反坡阶样地玉米蒸腾速率（T_r）与对照样地无显著差异,但净光合速率（P_n）、叶片瞬时水分利用效率（LWUE）均高于原状坡耕地样地;等高反坡阶样地土壤水分表现为坡中＞坡下＞坡上,布设该措施后土壤水分增高,平均增幅为24.4%,同时提高了土壤水分有效性以及中效水和易效水的占比(90%);LWUE与P_n、LAD呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与土壤体积含水率呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。通径分析表明,P_n和土壤体积含水率对玉米LWUE起主导作用,等高反坡阶措施可以提高P_n和土壤水分,进而获得较高的LWUE。【结论】布设等高反坡阶措施可以提高坡耕地土壤水分,使玉米叶片维持较高的光合作用并保持最佳的生理状态,可以提高作物叶片瞬时水分利用效率并促进玉米生长发育,进而为玉米干物质生产奠定生理基础。     

添加生物黑炭对茶园土壤CO2、N2O排放的影响

采用室内培养试验,研究了不同生物黑炭施用量对两种茶园土壤(红壤和黄壤)CO₂、N₂O排放特征的影响。生物黑炭用量设5个水平:H0(0 g·kg^-1)、H1(3.56 g·kg^-1)、H2(7.11 g·kg^-1)、H3(14.22 g·kg^-1)、H4(28.44 g·kg^-1).结果表明:红壤茶园土壤CO₂排放量显着高于黄壤,N₂O排放总量则低于黄壤;与H0处理相比,施用低量的生物黑炭(H1)对两种茶园土壤CO₂排放无显着影响;高量的生物黑炭处理(H3、H4)则显着增加土壤CO₂排放量,增幅为20%~47%(P<0.05).生物黑炭施用后(H2、H3、H4)明显降低两种茶园土壤N₂O释放速率及反硝化损失率,土壤N₂O排放总量降幅为37%~63%(P<0.05),反硝化损失量降幅22%~54%(P<0.05),且均随着生物黑炭施用量增加而增大。此外,从土壤pH值、无机氮含量和硝化率角度,探讨了生物黑炭影响茶园土壤CO₂和N₂O排放的因素。     

Soil Chemical and Biological Activities under Vegetable Intensive Colocasia-based Cropping System in Indian Sub-Himalayas

ABSTRACT

Lack of crop diversification with suitable vegetable-based cropping system is a major constraint in limiting the productivity and sustainability of north-western Indian sub-Himalayas. To find out a sustainable vegetable-based cropping system in this region, a three year colocasia-based vegetable intensive experiment was conducted at Hawalbagh, Almora, India in a sandy clay loam soil under sub-temperate climatic conditions. Seven colocasia-based vegetable cropping systems along with rice–wheat system were compared under recommended package and practices. The system productivity in terms of colocasia equivalent yield was highest under colocasia–onion–frenchbean (52.38 Mg ha^?1) system. Sustainable yield index was highest with colocasia–gardenpea–frenchbean system (0.86). After 3 years, total soil organic carbon (0–5%), available N (2–22%), P (–7% to 14%) and K (3–15%) concentrations were increased in all cropping systems except rice–wheat system, where negative balance of available P (7%) was observed over that of initial soil. Significantly higher soil microbial activity, soil carbohydrate, dehydrogenase, protease, acid and alkaline phosphatases activity were observed under colocasia–onion system. The results suggest that colocasia–onion–frenchbean system with higher productivity improves soil fertility and enhances enzymatic activities.     

More evidence that anaerobic oxidation of methane is prevalent in soils: Is it time to upgrade our biogeochemical models?

Estimating future fluxes of CH₄ between land and atmosphere requires well-conceived process-based biogeochemical models. Current models do not represent the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in land surface soils, in spite of increasing evidence that this process is widespread. Our objective was to determine whether AOM, or potential AOM, commonly occurs in 20 hydromorphic soils spanning a wide range of chemical properties. Bulk soil samples were collected under shallow water near the shoreline of 15 recently drained fish ponds in southern Bohemia (Czech Republic), as well as from below the water table at 3 peatland locations in northeast Scotland and 2 acid sulfate soils on the southern coast of Finland. Each soil slurry was incubated under both oxic and anoxic conditions, with or without the addition of alternative electron acceptors (SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) or H₂PO₄⁻. Here, “oxic” and “anoxic” conditions refer to anoxic soil respectively incubated in a headspace containing air or argon. Using the isotope dilution method, we determined the gross production and oxidation rates of CH₄ after 2 days incubation under oxic headspace conditions, and after 2, 21 and 60 days incubation under anoxic conditions. Large differences in net CH₄ fluxes were observed between soil types and between incubation conditions. AOM was detected in each of the 20 bulk soil samples, which spanned >6 pH units and 2 orders of magnitude in organic C content. Significant positive relationships were found between AOM and gross CH₄ production rates under anoxic conditions, resulting in AOM rates that were sometimes higher than CH₄ oxidation rates under oxic headspace conditions. There was no relationship between net and gross CH₄ production rates, such that 2 soil types could display similar low net rates, yet conceal very large differences in gross rates. The effects of alternative electron acceptors on AOM were idiosyncratic and resulted in no net trend. We did find, however, a negative effect of SO₄²⁻ and H₂PO₄⁻ on gross CH₄ production rates under anoxic and oxic conditions respectively. Under oxic headspace conditions, CH₄ oxidation was related to soil organic C content. Taken collectively, our results suggest that AOM, or potential AOM, is prevalent over a wide range of soil types, that AOM may contribute substantially to CH₄ oxidation in soils, and that AOM in soils should be integrated to current process-based CH₄ cycling models.     

不同治理措施在红壤坡耕地的水土保持效益

在云南省抚仙湖流域澄江尖山河小流域坡耕地建立了野外标准径流小区,并布设了1.2m宽等高反坡阶和2.0m宽草带两种坡耕地水土保持措施,观测次降雨的地表径流量和土壤流失量,并与原状坡耕地进行对比,分析两种措施的水土保持效益。结果表明:(1)两种措施之间的地表径流量和土壤流失量差异性均显著。修筑等高反坡阶的地表径流深为113.64mm,比原状坡耕地减少了61.9%,土壤流失量为714.7t/km2,比原状坡耕地减少了77.4%;布设草带的地表径流深为82.76mm,比原状坡耕地减少了72.2%,土壤流失量为370.1t/km2,比原状坡耕地减少了88.3%。(2)两种措施之间的减流和减沙效益差异性均显著,等高反坡阶的减流和减沙效益指数平均分别达0.57和0.97,草带的减流和减沙效益指数平均分别达0.79和0.76。(3)两种措施均大幅削减了地表径流和泥沙的氮、磷养分输出总量,发挥了较好的保肥作用。与原状坡耕地相比,等高反坡阶对总氮削减率为81.9%,对总磷削减率为44.3%;草带对总氮削减率为74.7%,对总磷削减率为83.7%。