Development of buffer methods and evaluation of pedotransfer functions to estimate pH buffer capacity of highly weathered soils

The pH buffer capacity of a soil (pHBC) determines the amount of lime required to raise the pH of the soil layer from its initial acid condition to an optimal pH for plant growth and the time available under current net acid addition rate (NAAR) until the soil layer acidifies to a critical pH leading to likely production losses. Accurate values of pHBC can also be used to calculate NAAR from observed changes in soil pH. In spite of its importance, there is a critical shortage of pHBC data, likely due to the long period of time needed for its direct measurement. This work aimed to develop quick, simple and reliable methods of pHBC measurement and to test these methods against a slow (7‐day) titration used as benchmark. The method developed here calculates pHBC directly from the pH buffer capacity of the buffer solution and the increase in soil pH and corresponding decrease in pH of the buffer solution following mixing and equilibration. The pHBC values calculated using Adams and Evans or modified Woodruff buffers were in accord with those measured by slow titration. Buffer methods are easily deployed in commercial and research laboratories as well as in the field. The advantage of using buffer solutions to calculate pHBC instead of lime requirement is the broad application of this soil property. The pHBC of a soil is an intrinsic property that would not be expected to need remeasurement over periods of less than decades. Recurring lime requirement can be calculated from the soil's pHBC, initial and target pH values. A large proportion of the variability in pHBC was explained by the soil organic carbon content. This relationship between pHBC and soil organic carbon content allowed us to develop local pedotransfer functions to estimate pHBC for different regions of Australia.     

NUTRIENT AND GROWTH RESPONSES OF LEERSIA ORYZOIDES,RICE CUTGRASS,TO VARYING DEGREES OF SOIL SATURATION AND WATER NITROGEN CONCENTRATION

Leersia oryzoides (rice cutgrass) is an obligate wetland plant common to agricultural drainage ditches. The objective of this greenhouse study was to expose plants to various flooding and aqueous nitrogen (N) concentrations and then to quantify the allocation of nutrients and biomass to plant components. Plants in the continuously flooded treatment (CF) had the highest tissue concentrations of copper (Cu), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and manganese (Mn) in one or more plant components. Plants in the partially flooded treatment (PF) had the highest concentrations of magnesium (Mg) in leaves. The N input affected phosphorus (P) and S concentrations in roots. Leaf, stem, and root biomass were highest in PF plants. Rhizome biomass was the lowest in CF plants. These results indicate that L. oryzoides may significantly affect elemental concentrations in surface waters by its ability to uptake various elements and subsequent sequestration in various biomass components.     

水平沟整地措施对黄土丘陵区草原土壤水分动态平衡的影响

三峡水库消落带是库区水域与周边陆地环境的关键过渡地带,周期性反季节干湿交替使其具有强烈的物质交换特征。辨析消落带泥沙及其吸附的颗粒态磷的来源对消落带土壤污染防治和环境效应评估以及三峡水环境保护具有重要意义。以三峡库区汝溪河支流不同高程（145～155、>155～165、>165～175 m）消落带为研究对象,运用复合指纹技术查明,消落带泥沙中颗粒态磷的主要来源是长江干流悬移质和汝溪河上游悬移质。淹水期间长江干流江水顶托引起的泥沙沉积是颗粒态磷的主要来源,在>165～175 m高程带对颗粒态磷的贡献达到最大（54.5%）。雨季初期支流上游悬移质对145～155 m高程消落带的颗粒态磷贡献最大（51.6%）,而随高程的增加贡献率减少。消落带上方的土壤侵蚀产沙主要堆积在>155～165和>165～175 m高程范围内,导致消落带上方土壤对泥沙和颗粒态磷的贡献率都随高程的增加而增加。     

植被类型对河岸带坡面流水动力特性的影响

为了研究河岸带植被类型对坡面流水动力学特性的影响,通过野外简易径流小区放水冲刷试验,在3种流量(4,6,8 L/min)和6种不同坡面类型条件下对河岸带坡面流水动力学参数变化进行了分析。结果表明：(1)坡面植被的存在具有明显降低径流流速的作用,裸坡坡面平均流速(0.276±0.065 m/s)显著高于其他植被类型(p<0.05),坡面平均径流流速随着来水流量的增加而增加;(2)雷诺数随着放水流量和放水时间的增加而增加,所有河岸带边坡流型都属于层流;弗劳德数随着放水时间先减小后趋于稳定,各坡面流均属于急流状态(弗劳德数大于1);(3)植被覆盖能够明显减小坡面径流雷诺数和弗雷德数,裸坡的雷诺数(128.53)和弗雷德数(4.0)显著高于其他坡面类型(p<0.05)。狗牙根坡面的Darcy-weisbach阻力系数(3.71)以及曼宁糙率系数(0.062)均最大,表现出对坡面流流速最好的阻滞效果。     

河岸缓冲带净污机制及其效果影响因子研究进展

随着经济社会的飞速发展,农业面源污染已成为导致河流、湖泊、水库等水体水质恶化、营养化的重要原因.居于水陆交界处的河岸缓冲带对净化河流水质具有重要作用,被认为是控制面源污染的“最佳管理措施”（BMPs）之一.在系统地总结国内外河岸缓冲带净污机制及其净污效果影响因子所取得的主要研究成果的基础上,针对目前研究中存在的不足,提出净污机制研究不局限于氮、磷等营养元素以及地表径流去污的机制研究,除考虑自然因素外,还应综合考虑人为因素对河岸带净污效果的影响.     

耕地棕壤酸碱缓冲性能及酸化速率研究

辽宁省耕地棕壤自第二次土壤普查以来酸化趋势明显,pH整体平均值从第二次普查时期的6.42降至5.73。对辽宁省4个典型地区(昌图、沈阳、瓦房店、清原)的耕地棕壤耕层(0-20cm)缓冲性能、酸化速率及其影响因素进行研究,结果表明:各地区酸碱缓冲容量变幅为29.66～39.87mmol/kg.pH unit,其中辽宁北部和中部地区酸碱缓冲容量明显高于辽南和辽东地区。酸化速率以辽南地区下降速率最快,其值为2.69H+kmol/(hm2.a),而速率最慢的地区为辽东,其酸化速率为1.44H+kmol/(hm2.a)。土壤初始pH、阳离子交换量、颗粒组成及有机质含量均是影响酸碱缓冲容量变化的主要因素。北部和中部质地以粉(砂)壤土为主,阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度及粘粒含量均高于南部和东部地区,因此缓冲性能也较强。施肥及其他人为因素对辽宁耕地棕壤酸碱缓冲容量及酸化速率的影响有待进一步研究。     

Effects of weathering state of coarse‐soil fragments on tree‐seedling nutrient uptake

Fine earth accumulated within the weathering fissures of the coarse‐soil fraction (particles > 2 mm), so called “stone‐protected fine earth”, can provide a high short‐term nutrient release by cation exchange. It is thus hypothesized that unweathered gneiss particles cannot provide plants with exchangeable‐cation nutrients and that biological weathering is needed to include silicate‐bound nutrients into biochemical cycles. In a microcosm experiment, ectomycorrhizal Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings were grown on either weathered or unweathered paragneiss coarse‐soil fragments under natural hydraulic and climatic boundary conditions. A nutrient solution containing N, P, and K was added, however Mg and Ca could only be taken up from the coarse‐soil substrate. Solutes in drainage were analyzed during the experiment; plant nutrient uptake was determined after the experiment ended. Solute dynamics depended on the weathering state of the substrates: unweathered gneiss showed high initial Mg and Ca fluxes that diminished strongly afterwards, whereas weathered gneiss showed a much more gradual and sustainable release of these cations. Patterns in dissolved organic C and sulfate drainage indicated that the internal pores of weathered gneiss fragments contained organic material most likely as a result of living spaces from microorganisms. Plant biomass did not differ between treatments, however Mg content was higher in seedlings grown on weathered gneiss. Nutrient budgets demonstrated that the “stonesphere” of weathered gneiss can act as a quasi‐constant nutrient source whereas unweathered gneiss only provided high initial nutrients fluxes. In nutrient‐depleted, acidified fine‐earth environments, the coarse‐soil fraction may therefore act as a retreat for nutrient‐adsorbing tissues and as a buffer for nutrient shortages.     

太湖源地区雷竹林氮磷径流输出与拦截控制

农业面源污染是导致水体富营养化的重要原因之一,雷竹生产是临安市的支柱产业之一,而雷竹覆盖技术下的高施肥量容易导致水体污染负荷过高,因此,控制雷竹林氮磷流失极为重要。通过田间原位设置4种不同的生态拦截方法,观测春夏季雷竹林土壤氮磷径流输出,探讨了不同拦截方式对径流中不同形态氮磷的拦截效果。结果表明,4种不同拦截小区中,颗粒物运载的氮是径流损失的主要氮形态,施肥量和雨强是影响氮磷流失量的主要因素。以原生雷竹林作为拦截带的小区氮磷径流损失量最高,分别达到1 006.2和387.6 g/hm2;通过比较,黑麦草对氮磷径流损失通量拦截效果要优于其它拦截带,其氮磷损失通量分别为777.1和228.9 g/hm2;黑麦草+竹炭拦截小区的氮磷流失量分别为827.7和242.1 g/hm2;竹林+竹炭拦截的径流损失量分别为1 098.6和366.5 g/hm2,竹炭对竹林的氮磷拦截效果不佳。雷竹林地氮磷径流损失风险不大,其中氮的流失量要远高于磷。4种不同拦截小区中,生态拦截草带对控制雷竹林地土壤氮磷的径流迁移效果最佳。     

间隔阻尼层式支重轮缓冲性能分析

针对传统刚性支重轮减振效果较差的现状,采用一种间隔阻尼层式结构,对支重轮减振性能进行改进。以某型号履带式拖拉机为应用实例,建立其整机缓冲模型及单个支重轮的缓冲模型,导出支重轮幅频特性响应函数。使用Matlab分别对传统的及改进后的支重轮进行仿真对比分析,结果表明新型支重轮可有效地缓冲该拖拉机所受的振动。用ANSYS软件对新型支重轮进行强度分析,表明其强度能满足拖拉机各工况的使用要求。     

不同植被缓冲带对坡耕地地表径流中氮磷的拦截效果

植被缓冲带是一种控制非点源污染的新型生态工程措施,采用坡地小区试验方法,在构建等高植物篱的坡耕地低处进行了不同植被缓冲带对径流污染物的拦截试验,其处理分别为：（a）普通施肥结合紫穗槐和三叶草;（b）平衡施肥结合紫穗槐和三叶草;（c）普通施肥结合三叶草;（d）平衡施肥结合紫穗槐。结果表明,夏玉米生长期,植被缓冲带对径流量及侵蚀量的拦截作用显著,a、b、c和d处理缓冲带相对于植物篱处理,其径流量分别减少98.0%、97.5%、97.2%和97.5%,侵蚀量分别减少98.8%、98.7%、97.9%和98.0%;植被缓冲带对N、P的拦截效果不同,a、b、c和d处理缓冲带相对于植物篱处理,对NH4＋-N的平均拦截率分别为48.2%、86.2%、90.6%和95.1%,对TP的平均拦截率分别为49.2%、42.4%、41.3%和36.4%。试验结果对山区坡耕地面源污染的控制,重点水源地的水质保护提供了借鉴。