类芦植被对AMD污染土壤的生态修复效应及潜力

以贵阳市花溪区麦坪废弃煤矿区为研究区域,选择在受酸性矿山废水(AMD)污染的土壤上经类芦植被恢复的土壤为研究对象,研究自然恢复类芦植被后对AMD污染土壤的养分、酶活性及微生物数量的改善作用,探讨类芦植被对AMD污染土壤的生态修复效应及潜力。结果表明:AMD污染土壤呈养分极贫瘠、土壤酶活性和微生物活性极低的特征,污染土壤经自然恢复类芦植被后,污染土壤的理化性质及生物化学特性有显著改善,具体表现为:经类芦植被恢复的土壤的有机质、全氮、有效氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较对照(无类芦植被恢复)的污染土壤分别平均增加了48.95%,133.71%,46.23%,23.10%,29.83%,土壤过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、纤维素酶和脲酶活性得到极显著(p0.01)提高,土壤主要微生物类群(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量和生物量极显著(p0.01)增加。相关性分析表明,土壤养分、酶活性和微生物数量之间呈正相关关系,表明土壤酶活性和微生物数量可作为评价AMD污染土壤修复前后质量改善状况的重要生物学指标。另外,主成分分析表明,在类芦植被对AMD污染土壤修复过程中土壤酶(脲酶)、土壤养分(全磷、全氮、有效磷、有效氮、有机质、速效钾)、土壤微生物(细菌)是主要控制因素。基于类芦植被能显著地提高AMD污染土壤有效养分含量、土壤酶活性和微生物数量,使AMD污染土壤朝着良性方向发展,并表现出对AMD污染土壤修复具有较大的潜力,因此类芦植被可作为AMD污染土壤植物修复和生态恢复的先锋物种或优势植物。     

干湿交替对作物根际特征及铁膜形成的影响研究进展

铁膜普遍存在于水生植物的根系表面,根际周围Fe~(2+)的浓度和根系氧化力决定了根表铁膜的数量。干湿交替是农业生产中常用的灌溉技术。在干湿交替过程中,水分和氧气含量的变化导致根际土壤发生一系列物理、化学和生物学变化,从而对根表铁膜的形成产生影响。本文综述了干湿交替过程对根际特征变化的影响,分析了根表铁膜的形成条件、化学组成与空间结构和根表铁膜的形成过程,并在此基础上探讨了干湿交替对铁膜形成的影响以及干湿交替诱导铁膜形成的可能机制。最后对干湿交替诱导铁膜形成的研究方法与应用前景进行了展望。     

连续施用有机肥对连作花生根际微生物种群和 酶活性的影响

花生连作导致土传病害易发,严重制约其产量和品质。为探讨持续施用有机肥缓解连作花生病害发生的防治机理,大田条件下研究了连续6年施用化肥、普通有机肥和生物有机肥(接种内生菌拟茎点霉B3)后对连作花生根腐病、根际土壤典型微生物种群和酶活的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,持续施用普通有机肥和生物有机肥可有效控制连作花生土传病害发生,荚果产量提高23.8%和47.9%。连续施用普通有机肥和生物有机肥均显著提高根际过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和酚氧化酶活性,荧光定量PCR进一步测定出连续施用有机肥可显著增加连作花生根际细菌和真菌的数量,说明连续施用有机肥后连作花生根际微生物活性显著提升。连续施用普通有机肥和生物有机肥显著增加了连作花生根际有益微生物种群的数量,其中放线菌增加0.9倍和1.6倍,假单胞菌增加10.9倍和13.1倍,伯克氏菌增加2.6倍和1.9倍,芽孢杆菌增加1.1倍和2.1倍;然而连续施用有机肥对连作花生根际主要致病微生物种群(如镰刀菌属和青枯雷尔氏菌)无明显影响。表明通过持续施用有机肥可有效提高连作花生根际有益微生物种群的数量和土壤酶活性,进而改善连作花生根际微生态环境,增强连作土壤抑病能力,以达到控制连作花生土传病害易发的目的。     

Nodulation and root growth increase in lower soil layers of water‐limited faba bean intercropped with wheat

Below‐ground niche complementarity in legume–cereal intercrops may improve resource use efficiency and root adaptability to environmental constraints. However, the effect of water limitation on legume rooting and nodulation patterns in intercropping is poorly understood. To advance our knowledge of mechanisms involved in water‐limitation response, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown as mono‐ and intercrops in soil‐filled plexiglass rhizoboxes under water sufficiency (80% of water‐holding capacity) and water limitation (30% of water‐holding capacity). We examined whether intercropping facilitates below‐ground niche complementarity under water limitation via interspecific root stratification coupled with modified nodulation patterns. While no significant treatment effects were measured in intercropped wheat growth parameters, water limitation induced a decrease in shoot and root biomass of monocropped wheat. Likewise, shoot biomass and height, and root length of monocropped faba bean significantly decreased under water limitation. Conversely, water limitation stimulated root biomass of intercropped faba bean in the lower soil layer (15–30 cm soil depth). Similarly, total nodule number of faba bean roots as well as nodule number in the lower soil layer increased under intercropping regardless of water availability. Under water limitation, intercropping also led to a significant increased nodule biomass (48%) in the lower soil layer as compared to monocropping. The enhanced nodulation in the lower soil layer and the associated increase in root and shoot growth provides evidence for a shift in niche occupancy when intercropped with wheat, which improves water‐limited faba bean performance.     

湘中紫色丘陵区不同植被类型根际与非根际土壤理化特征

[目的]探索湘中紫色丘陵区不同植被类型根际与非根际土壤的理化特征,为湘中地区生态修复提供理论依据。[方法]以典型抽样方法调查湘中丘陵区草丛(G)、草灌(GS)、灌木(S)和乔灌(AS)4种典型植被,研究其根际与非根际土壤理化性质的差异,通过典型相关分析揭示根际与非根际土壤理化指标间的耦合关系。[结果]研究区草丛和灌木根际土壤中细砂粒(0.25~0.05mm)含量分别显著(p0.05)低于乔灌63.84%和76.97%;粉粒(0.02~0.002mm)含量表现为草和灌木分别显著高于乔灌的38.48%和37.66%。根际土壤0.25~0.05mm微团聚体含量均表现为乔灌高于其他植被,0.02~0.002mm微团聚体含量均表现为灌木高于其他植被。草灌与灌木非根际土壤有机质含量显著(p0.05)低于根际土壤148.05%和121.92%,灌木和草灌根际土壤有机质含量显著(p0.05)高于乔灌土壤84.28%和92.08%;草灌根际土壤全氮含量显著(p0.05)高于非根际土壤83.33%,草灌根际土壤碱解氮含量显著(p0.05)高于乔灌土壤200.83%;不同植被类型根际/非根际土壤磷含量差异不明显,总体来看,同一植被根际土壤全磷含量低于非根际土壤,而有效磷表现为乔灌最低;乔灌根际土壤速效钾含量分别显著(p0.05)低于草丛和草灌土壤125.15%和137.71%,除草灌外,其余植被类型根际土壤全钾含量均低于非根际土壤。典范相关分析表明土壤有机质和全量养分含量,2~1,1~0.5,0.25~0.05mm土粒含量,2~1,1~0.5mm团聚体3组理化性状间相互关系密切。[结论]改善土壤理化性质,促进湘中丘陵地区生态恢复,应注重协调土壤养分、颗粒组成及团聚体之间的耦合关系。     

植被恢复的土壤固碳效应：动态与驱动机制

植被恢复是影响土壤有机碳库动态变化的关键过程之一,阐明植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳的固持动态及其驱动机制,是全球变化下碳循环研究的热点和前沿问题。本文综述了近年来国内外关于植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳固定动态及其驱动机制方面的研究,剖析植被恢复中土壤有机碳固持动态及其影响因素,探讨植物碳输入对土壤有机碳动态变化的影响机制,揭示植被恢复中土壤有机碳固定的物理、化学和微生物驱动机制,并对目前研究中存在的问题进行总结,进而提出关于植被恢复的土壤固碳效应研究,亟需在土壤有机碳组分的动态、微生物结构和功能,以及植物—土壤—微生物对土壤有机碳固持的协同作用机制等方面进一步加强。本综述可为植被恢复与土壤固碳稳定机制研究指明未来的方向,进而为促进我国植被恢复的土壤碳循环研究,科学评价生态系统土壤固碳潜力和有效实施生态系统碳汇管理提供科学参考。     

Pedogenic carbonate recrystallization assessed by isotopic labeling: a comparison of 13C and 14C tracers

The C isotopic composition (δ¹³C) of pedogenic carbonates reflects the photosynthetic pathway of the predominant local vegetation because pedogenic (secondary) CaCO₃ is formed in isotopic equilibrium with soil CO₂ released by root and rhizomicrobial respiration. Numerous studies show the importance of pedogenic carbonates as a tool for reconstructing paleoecological conditions in arid and semiarid regions. The methodological resolution of these studies strongly depends on the time scale of pedogenic carbonate formation, which remains unknown. The initial formation rate can be assessed by ¹⁴C labeling of plants grown on loess and subsequent incorporation of ¹⁴C from rhizosphere CO₂ into newly formed carbonate by recrystallization of loess CaCO₃. We tested the feasibility of ¹⁴C and ¹³C tracers for estimating CaCO₃ recrystallization rates by simultaneous ¹⁴C and ¹³C labeling and comparison with literature data. ¹⁴C labeling was more efficient and precise in assessing recrystallization rates than ¹³C labeling. This is connected with higher sensitivity of ¹⁴C liquid scintillation counting when compared with δ¹³C measurement by IRMS. Further, assessment of very low amounts of incorporated tracer is more precise with low background signal (natural abundance), which is true for ¹⁴C, but is rather high for ¹³C. Together, we obtained better reproducibility, higher methodological precision, and better plausibility of recrystallization rates calculated based on ¹⁴C labeling. Periods for complete CaCO₃ recrystallization, extrapolated from rates based on ¹⁴C labeling, ranged from 130 (125–140) to 240 (225–255) y, while it was ≈ 600 (365–1600) y based on the ¹³C approach. In terms of magnitude, data from late‐Holocene soil profiles of known age provide better fit with modeled recrystallization periods based on the ¹⁴C approach.     

Effects of Irrigation Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Yield and Microbial Community Structure in Paddy Soil

Water and nitrogen (N) are considered the most important factors affecting rice production and play vital roles in regulating soil microbial biomass, activity, and community. The effects of irrigation patterns and N fertilizer levels on the soil microbial community structure and yield of paddy rice were investigated in a pot experiment. The experiment was designed with four N levels of 0 (N0), 126 (N1), 157.5 (N2), and 210 kg N ha-1 (N3) under two irrigation patterns of continuous water-logging irrigation (WLI) and water-controlled irrigation (WCI). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was conducted to track the dynamics of soil microbial communities at tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The results showed that the maximums of grain yield, above-ground biomass, and total N uptake were all obtained in the N2 treatment under WCI. Similar variations in total PLFAs, as well as bacterial and fungal PLFAs, were found, with an increase from the tillering to the grain-filling stage and a decrease at the maturity stage except for actinomycetic PLFAs, which decreased continuously from the tillering to the maturity stage. A shift in composition of the microbial community at different stages of the plant growth was indicated by principal component analysis (PCA), in which the samples at the vegetative stage (tillering stage) were separated from those at the reproductive stage (grain-filling and maturity stages). Soil microbial biomass, measured as total PLFAs, was significantly higher under WCI than that under WLI mainly at the grain-filling stage, whereas the fungal PLFAs detected under WCI were significantly higher than those under WLI at the tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The application of N fertilizer also significantly increased soil microbial biomass and the main microbial groups both under WLI and WCI conditions. The proper combination of irrigation management and N fertilizer level in this study was the N2 (157.5 kg N ha-1) treatment under the water-controlled irrigation pattern.     

不同磷效率油菜根际土壤磷活化机理研究

筛选和培育耐低磷植物是缓解磷矿资源缺乏和提高磷肥利用效率的有效途径之一。本研究在前期材料筛选的基础上,通过根箱试验研究不同磷效率油菜根际土壤磷活化机理,其结果如下:在施磷和不施磷处理条件下,磷高效油菜品种B56（HG）的吸磷量和生物量均高于磷低效品种B10（LG）;两油菜品种根际土壤中的NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po和 NaOH-Pi,NaOH-Po四种磷素形态均有显著的亏缺现象;磷高效品种（HG）根际土壤上述四种磷素形态亏缺程度大于磷低效品种（LG）,但Resin-P则出现富集,并且HG的富集程度大于LG,这可能与HG具有较高吸磷能力有关。两油菜品种根际土壤HCl-Pi 和 残渣态磷（Residual-P）没有发生明显的亏缺现象。相比较而言,HG能分泌更多的酸性磷酸酶,该酶活性与NaHCO3-Po含量呈显著的负相关,说明酸性磷酸酶对有机磷矿化起着非常重要的作用。     

Effect of Elemental Sulfur Supply on Cadmium Uptake into Rice Seedlings When Cultivated in Low and Excess Cadmium Soils

Effects of sulfur (S) (0, 30 mg S kg^?1 soil) supply on cadmium (Cd) uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil [38.8 μg kg^?1 for diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Cd] and in excessive-Cd soil (748.7 μg kg^?1 for DTPA-extractable Cd) were investigated in a combined soil–sand culture experiment. The significant difference in the Cd uptake into rice between –S and +S treatments were observed in relation to soil Cd levels. When rice was exposed to excessive Cd soil, application of S restrained the uptake of Cd into rice, the S supply tended to increase Cd uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil. The possible mechanisms explaining the interactions among soil Cd level, S supply, and Cd accumulation in rice are proposed. These results suggest that S fertilization may be important for the development approaches to reducing Cd accumulation in rice when cultivated Cd-contaminated soils.