黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕年限对根—土复合体抗剪强度的影响

"退耕还林(草)"工程的有效实施,导致黄土高原植被迅速恢复,势必会引起植物根系和土壤理化性质变化,影响根—土复合体抗剪强度。为探究植被恢复年限对根—土复合体抗剪强度的潜在影响,在陕西省安塞区纸坊沟小流域选择6个不同退耕年限(5,12,20,27,37,46年)的撂荒地和1个坡耕地,进行不同土层深度(0—10,10—20,20—30,30—40,40—50 cm)根—土复合体原位剪切试验,同时测定根系特性和土壤理化性质。结果表明,随着退耕年限增加,0—50 cm土层根—土复合体抗剪强度均值呈"S"形增大趋势(51.80～124.01 J/m~2),与坡耕地相比,抗剪强度依次增加2.5%,54.6%,48.7%,86.5%,139.4%和129.3%。除坡耕地外,随着土层深度增加,根系密度明显减少,根—土复合体抗剪强度逐渐下降。根—土复合体抗剪强度与土壤有机质含量、根长密度和根质量密度呈对数正相关关系,与团聚体稳定性和有效根密度呈线性正相关关系。通径分析表明,团聚体稳定性、根质量密度和有机质含量是影响根—土复合体抗剪强度的关键因素。研究结果为评估植被恢复的水土保持效益及生态服务功能、揭示根—土复合体抗剪强度随退耕年限变化的动力机制提供理论基础。     

黄土高原植被恢复过程中土壤表面电化学性质演变特征

土壤胶体表面所带电荷是土壤具有一系列物理、化学性质的根本原因。表面电荷数量、比表面积、表面电荷密度、表面电场强度以及表面电位是土壤胶体颗粒重要性质,影响土壤中物理、化学、生物化学过程。运用带电颗粒表面性质联合分析法,测定黄土高原子午岭地区不同植被类型下土壤表面电荷性质,研究自然植被恢复过程对土壤表面电荷性质的影响。结果表明:随着植被的演替,子午岭林区土壤表面电荷数量、比表面积、表面电荷密度均随植被的恢复增加,变化范围分别为10.88～19.85 cmol·kg~(–1)、40.67～61.71 m~2·g~(–1)和0.22～0.31 c·m~(–2),平均值分别为16.18 cmol·kg~(–1)、54.88 m2·g~(–1)和0.28 c·m~(–2),土壤表面电场强度达108 V·m~(–1)数量级;土壤黏粒、有机碳含量是影响表面电荷性质的主要因素,解释率分别为62.5%和27.9%;土壤基本性质对表面电荷性质的影响由强到弱依次为:黏粒、有机碳、砂粒、全氮、C/N、粉粒、碳酸钙、pH。研究结果对于进一步认识黄土高原土壤颗粒表面性质,加深理解土壤中发生的一系列物理化学过程具有重要意义。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下土壤养分及生态化学计量特征

[目的]探究黄土丘陵区土地利用方式变化前后土壤养分及生态化学计量比的变化特征,为该区农业生产以及生态恢复工作提供科学依据。[方法]选取山西省永和县岔口小流域因生态工程的实施而改变土地利用方式的坡改梯地(梯田)、退耕还林地(林地)、地埂核桃园地(园地)3种样地为研究对象,以现有坡耕地为对照,利用时空互代法,比较不同土地利用方式变化前后0—20 cm,20—40 cm土壤C,N,P,K含量以及生态化学计量比的差异。[结果]①流域各种生态恢复措施实施后,土壤C,N元素含量明显增加,梯田、林地、园地0—40 cm土壤有机C含量分别是坡耕地的1.38,2.44和1.09倍,全N含量分别是坡耕地的1.76,2.66,1.68倍。P,K元素增加量不明显,林地相比其他2种土地利用方式对C,N元素的固持更加明显;②通过分析土壤养分化学计量比的关系,发现流域土壤的限制性元素为C,N元素;③流域土壤养分及计量比之间存在着稳定的耦合关系,C-N之间的耦合关系最为显著且在各元素和生态化学计量比稳定方面发挥着重要作用。[结论]流域3种土地利用方式有效地改变了土壤全量养分含量和元素的生态化学计量比,有利于流域的生态保护和植被修复。     

植被恢复的土壤固碳效应：动态与驱动机制

植被恢复是影响土壤有机碳库动态变化的关键过程之一,阐明植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳的固持动态及其驱动机制,是全球变化下碳循环研究的热点和前沿问题。本文综述了近年来国内外关于植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳固定动态及其驱动机制方面的研究,剖析植被恢复中土壤有机碳固持动态及其影响因素,探讨植物碳输入对土壤有机碳动态变化的影响机制,揭示植被恢复中土壤有机碳固定的物理、化学和微生物驱动机制,并对目前研究中存在的问题进行总结,进而提出关于植被恢复的土壤固碳效应研究,亟需在土壤有机碳组分的动态、微生物结构和功能,以及植物—土壤—微生物对土壤有机碳固持的协同作用机制等方面进一步加强。本综述可为植被恢复与土壤固碳稳定机制研究指明未来的方向,进而为促进我国植被恢复的土壤碳循环研究,科学评价生态系统土壤固碳潜力和有效实施生态系统碳汇管理提供科学参考。     

山西黄河流域不同土地利用类型NDVI时空变化及其对气温、降水的响应

[目的]了解山西黄河流域不同土地利用类型NDVI时空变化及其对气温、降水的响应关系,对该流域生态保护、修复和高质量发展具有重要的意义。[方法]基于1998—2018年NDVI数据,利用NDVI变化趋势、变异系数、空间自相关等方法,对山西黄河流域不同土地利用类型NDVI时空变化特征及其与气温、降水的关系进行分析。[结果]不同土地利用类型NDVI变化趋势均呈向好态势,草地和林地覆盖状况优于整体水平。NDVI在空间上整体呈南北纵列、高低相间的分布格局,吕梁山和太岳山—中条山高,西部高原丘陵区和汾河谷地低。NDVI变化趋势的空间异质性显著,植被以显著改善为主。林地改善趋势的稳定性最好。NDVI表现出明显的空间集聚性特征,其中耕地NDVI变化趋势聚集特征最明显。不同土地利用类型NDVI对降水的敏感性强于气温。[结论]山西黄河流域不同土地利用类型NDVI时空变化差异显著,并对气温和降水存在响应关系,此研究将为该流域生态保护和建设提供更精准的植被恢复数据及其和气温、降水关系的基础资料。     

特大暴雨下不同土地利用类型坡面切沟发育特征

切沟侵蚀是黄土高原丘陵沟壑区水土流失的重要形式之一，然而极端暴雨条件下不同土地利用类型坡面切沟侵蚀研究还鲜见报道。该研究以陕北2017年"7·26"特大暴雨为例，研究了岔巴沟流域3种土地利用类型（农地、休闲地和撂荒地）坡面切沟发育形态特征及体积估算模型。结果表明：1）农地、休闲地和撂荒地切沟长度分布在20 m内的占比分别为55.6%、34.8%和44.8%；农地切沟平均深度为110 cm，分别比休闲地和撂荒地高18.3%、19.2%；农地和休闲地切沟平均宽深比分别为0.87和0.84，横断面呈"宽-浅型"，而撂荒地切沟呈"方型"（宽深比1.01）。2）撂荒地切沟侵蚀体积分别比农地和休闲地减少47.8%和28.3%，表明植被恢复有效地削弱了极端暴雨作用下的切沟侵蚀。3）农地切沟不同坡段侵蚀体积由高到低为下坡、上坡、中坡，而休闲地和撂荒地切沟侵蚀体积沿坡长方向呈递增趋势；3种土地利用类型切沟在上坡段的沟岸拓宽速率大于下切速率，中下坡则相反。4）农地、休闲地和撂荒地切沟侵蚀体积均与切沟长度、横断面面积呈极显著幂函数关系（P<0.001），横断面面积是切沟体积估算更为有效的参数。研究结果可为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用类型坡面切沟侵蚀体积估算及其防治提供重要依据。     

不同恢复方式下退化岩溶山区土壤微生物特性

为了探讨恢复方式对退化岩溶山区土壤生化特性的影响,对贵州南部岩溶山区退化地、不同恢复方式和对照原始林下土壤养分、微生物活性及群落结构进行了比较研究。结果表明:与退化地相比,不同恢复方式下土壤养分和微生物特性指标都有不同程度的提高;相对于对照原始林,不同恢复方式下大部分土壤养分和微生物功能活性指标的恢复程度分别为40%~75%和27%~60%,暗示着退化岩溶山区土壤微生物功能活性恢复滞后于土壤养分恢复;除土壤有效磷和蔗糖酶活性外,人工恢复方式(花椒和人还)的大部分土壤养分含量和土壤微生物活性恢复程度分别为对照的34%~47%和17%~47%,均低于自然恢复方式(还草和自还)的土壤养分和微生物活性恢复程度(对照的52%~78%和31%~61%),意味着自然恢复方式提高土壤质量效果优于人工恢复方式;不同恢复方式下植被状况影响着退化岩溶土壤细菌的分子群落结构,但不同恢复方式间土壤细菌种的丰富度和多样性差异均不明显。     

Growth and competitiveness of the New Zealand tree species Podocarpus cunninghamii is reduced by ex-agricultural AMF but enhanced by forest AMF

The composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities found in agricultural systems has been found to be very different to that of forest. The implications of this, if any, for the restoration of indigenous forest on ex-agricultural land is poorly understood. This study investigated the effect that AMF communities isolated from ex-agricultural and forest soils have on the growth of an indigenous New Zealand tree species (Podocarpus cunninghamii). The forest AMF community was isolated from a remnant stand of P. cunninghamii forest and the ex-agricultural AMF from a retired grazing grassland. In addition, the study examined how the two AMF communities affected the competitiveness of P. cunninghamii when grown in competition with an invasive grass species (Agrostis capillaris), which is frequently dominant on ex-agricultural land in New Zealand. P. cunninghamii growth was significantly decreased by inoculation with ex-agricultural AMF compared to forest AMF. Furthermore, the forest AMF community was able to significantly increase P. cunninghamii root production when in competition with A. capillaris. The findings suggest that when attempting to restore indigenous forest on ex-agricultural land, inoculation of tree seedlings with appropriate forest AMF may improve their growth and survival.     

霍林河露天煤矿排土场植被恢复与重建技术探讨

以霍林河露天煤矿排土场的植被恢复实践为例,在实地考察与观测的基础上,对过去排土场复垦工程中的种植模式、植物种类选用和生长表现等方面的成就与不足进行总结分析,并结合国内外的复垦成果,提出一套场地整理、表土覆盖、排土场稳定和边坡护理、植物种类选择、种植模式,以及种植与管护等适合霍林河露天煤矿排土场的植被恢复与重建技术,可供草原地区露天煤矿的植被恢复与重建参考。     

Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of China

A dried soil layer (DSL) formed in the soil profile is a typical indication of soil drought caused by climate change and/or poor land management. The responses of a soil to drought conditions in water-limited systems and the impacts of plant characteristics on these processes are seldom known due to the lack of comparative data on soil water content (SWC) in the soil profile. The occurrence of DSLs can interfere in the water cycle in soil-plant-atmosphere systems by preventing water interchanges between upper soil layers and groundwater. Consequently, a DSL may limit the sustainability of environmental restoration projects (e.g., revegetation, soil and water conservation, etc.) on the Loess Plateau of China and in other similar arid and semiarid regions. In this study, we investigated and compared the impacts of soil type, land use and plant characteristics within each of the three climatic regions (arid, semiarid, semihumid) of the Loess Plateau. A total of 17,906 soil samples from 382 soil profiles were collected to characterize DSLs across the Plateau.Spatial patterns of DSLs (represented by four indices: (1) DSL thickness, DSLT; (2) DSL forming depth, DSLFD; (3) mean SWC within the DSL, DSL-SWC; and (4) stable field water capacity, SFC) differed significantly among the climatic regions, emphasizing the importance of considering climatic conditions when assessing DSL variations. The impact of land use on DSLs varied among the three climatic regions. In the arid region, land use had no significant effect on DSLs but there were significant effects in the semiarid and semihumid regions (P < 0.05). The development of DSLs under trees and grasses was more severe in the semiarid region than in the semihumid region. In each climatic region, the extent of DSLs depended on the plant species (e.g., native or exotic, tree or grass) and growth ages; while only in the semiarid region, the DSL-SWC and SFC (P < 0.001) were significantly influenced by soil type. The DSL distribution pattern was related to the climatic region and the soil texture, which both followed gradients along the southeast-northwest axis of the Plateau. Optimizing land use can mediate DSL formation and development in the semiarid and semihumid regions of the Loess Plateau and in similar regions elsewhere. Understanding the dominant factors affecting DSLs at the regional scale enables scientifically based policies to be made that would alleviate the process of soil desiccation and sustain development of the economy and restoration of the natural environment. Moreover, these results can also be useful to the modeling of the regional water cycle and related eco-hydrological processes.