Summary of Influencial Factors on Pollen Viability and Its Preservation Methods

植物花粉贮藏技术研究是开花生物学特性研究中的一项重要内容。在此，就植物花粉生活力的影响因素、花粉生活力的测定方法、花粉的贮藏步骤、方法进行了概述，列出了部分植物的花粉在不同条件下所能贮藏的时间和贮藏一定时间后的生活力状况，并指出了今后花粉贮藏的方向。     

冷藏库的管理

介绍了冷库的发展现状。根据冷库的特点,论述了冷库的管理方法,对我国冷库的设计与运行管理具有重要的意义。     

Continuous Plant Regeneration from Established Embryogenic Cell Suspension Cultures of Italian Ryegrass and Tall Fescue

The suitability of different protocols was compared for entire plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis, of the forage plants Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Italian ryegrass) and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (tall fescue). In the first protocol, miniature embryos were used as starting material, while mature seeds were retained in the other two. Whichever the considered protocol, undifferentiated calli were produced on Murashige and Skoog MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D. The calli were subcultured in the dark on solid MS agar medium, containing 5 mg/1 2,4-D (protocol 2) or on solid MS medium followed by transfer to a rotated liquid MS medium with 2 mg/1 2,4-D (protocol 1). In these conditions, induction of somatic embryogenesis occurred, and whole plants were regenerated during a limited lapse of time, upon transfer in the light, to MS medium supplemented with BAP but devoid of 2,4-D. The simultaneous elimination of 2,4-D and transfer to light appeared essential for full regeneration of the plants. Using this characteristic, an additional step was added to a new protocol (protocol 3) in which microcalli, cultured on liquid MS medium containing 5 mg/1 2,4-D, were transferred to the same medium with 2 mg/1 2,4-D, in the dark. In these conditions, the suspensions kept their embryogenic potential for months. In all cases, plantlets were successfully transferred into the soil. An evaluation of the somaclonal variation potential of the plants issued from each protocol is now underway.     

Barley mutants with increased tolerance to aluminium toxicity

Acid soil and associated aluminium toxicity are considered as the number one abiotic factor limiting crop production. Over 2 billion hectares of acid soils exist world-wide, both in tropical and moderate climatic zones. In Poland acid soils represent up to60% of arable land. At soil pH < 5.0 Al ions become soluble in water and toxic to plants. Genetic improvement of Al tolerance in crops is the only alternative to soil liming, a traditional but short term and expensive agricultural cure to raise soil pH. Of the various cereals, barley is the most sensitive to Al toxicity. The known sources of Al tolerance in barley are limited to old cultivars and landraces. While they represent multiple alleles of a single locus, there is no potential to improve Al tolerance through recombination of non-allelic additive genes. In the Department of Genetics, Silesian University we have employed induced mutations for rapid creation of variability for Al tolerance in barley. Thirteen mutants with increased levels of tolerance to Al toxicity have been selected in M₃ generation after mutagenic treatment of four barley varieties with N-methyl-N-nitroso urea (MNH) and sodium azide. Six further Al tolerant mutants were identified in the collection of semi-dwarf mutants of the Department. All selected mutants confirmed Al tolerance with the use of three different methods of screening, i.e., root re-growth, root tolerance index and hematoxylin staining. Fourteen mutants exhibited significant root re-growth after 48 hour incubation with 3 ppm Al⁺³ and two of them, namely RL819/2 and RL820/6 were tolerant even to 6 ppm Al⁺³. Crosses of two selected mutants with their respective parent varieties indicated that Al tolerance in each mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene. Out of three methods tested, the root re-growth method facilitated by hematoxylin staining proved to be the most reliable technique for large scale testing. Double treatment with MNH or combined treatment with sodium azide and MNH and 6hinter-incubation germination between treatments were the most successful treatment combinations for induction of aluminium tolerance in barley. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同施肥方法对缓释尿素的肥效及氮素利用率的影响

以水稻和玉米为供试作物进行盆栽试验和田间试验。结果表明,水稻和玉米的增产效应均表现为;缓释尿素基追施结合处理>普通尿素基追施结合处理>缓释尿素一次性基施处理>普通尿素一次性基施处理。处理间差异达显著或极显著水准。相比之下,一次性基施改为基追施结合的增产幅度要优于尿素缓效化的肥效。两种作物对尿素的氮素利用率范围值分别为54.8%~70.1%(水稻)和53.6%~59.1%(玉米),其规律与上述肥效相吻合,也是各处理增产的内在原因。在水稻和玉米生产中应推荐在施用PK肥基础上,缓释尿素85%作基肥、15%作追肥这一施肥方法。     

Multi-element analysis of soils and sediments by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Soil and sediment reference materials were used to calibrate and evaluate an analytical method for the determination of major (Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Mn, P, Ti) and trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mo, Mb, Ni, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sn, Sr, Th, U, V, Y, Zn, Zr) by sequential wavelength X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Samples were prepared as pressed pellets and analysis was done with a total measuring time of thirty minutes per sample. Special attention was given to the selection of the thirty reference materials used for calibration of the spectrometer. Another set of eleven RM (reference materials) was analyzed for the evaluation of accuracy. Detection limits for trace elements (1-2 mg kg^-1) are adequate both for geochemical and environmental purposes, except for Cd and Sb. Accuracy for trace elements falls within the expected interval of certified or recommended values in most cases, but for some major elements, like SiO₂, some results showed discrepancies, evidencing difficulties associated with the determination of light elements in complex matrices. But when quality criteria proposed by mapping programs are applied to the results, their requirements are fulfilled. Both instrumental precision, obtained by twelve sample replicate analyses, and analytical precision, considering also sub-sampling and pellet preparation, lie between the limits of the Horwitz expression, except at concentrations close to the detection limits.     

反硝化微生物分子生态学技术及相关研究进展

反硝化是微生物以氮氧化物作为电子受体产生能量的过程。由微生物推动的反硝化使地球生物圈中被固定的氮素重新回到大气中去,从而实现整个自然界的氮素循环。反硝化作用与人类的生产、生活密切相关,它能使江河湖海脱除氮素富营养化而得以净化,也能使农田氮肥反硝化流失造成重大经济损失。多年来,基于培养技术的传统微生物研究方法很难了解环境中的反硝化微生物,因为人们目前能够培养的微生物不足环境微生物总量的3%。近年来,分子生物学和现代生物技术的迅猛发展极大地推动了环境微生物学的发展,人们可以直接提取环境DNA、通过分子标记和多种技术研究环境微生物。本文综述了环境反硝化微生物的分子生态学研究技术及国内外相关领域的研究进展。     

水土保持林体系研究的回顾

 水土保持林体系是防护林体系中重要的组成部分之一,在改善生态环境、防治水土流失中具有重要作用。回顾国内外水土保持林体系研究的发展历程,并就其主要成就和存在问题进行简要评述。奥地利、前苏联、中国,在水土保持林体系科研方面成绩突出,起到了带头作用。奥地利建立的森林工程措施综合治理体系,已被许多国家采纳和推广。前苏联在土壤侵蚀及水土保持林作用机制方面的研究,已成为各国水土保持林体系研究和营造的理论依据。我国提出的生态林业和生态经济型水土保持林理论,是对世界水土保持林体系发展的一大贡献。目前存在的主要问题是研究尺度小、林分稳定性差、无合适理论依据和空间配置不合理等。正确解决这些问题,应是未来水土保持林体系研究的方向。     

作物气候生产潜力估算中的地形因子订正方法探讨

采用皖西大别山区岳西县的常年和临时测站资料，并参考文献［２］给出的获取不同高度水平地表面上用于计算作物气候生产潜力的光温水三要素的订正方法，建立了适用于大别山区不同高度水平地表面和不同坡向坡度上的作物生产潜力计算仪式。     

不同培肥方式对西藏中部退化土壤的影响

对西藏中部土壤复退过程中土壤物理、化学 (养分 )、生物变化及其效应进行了探讨 ,初步结果表明 ,在西藏高原生态条件下 ,有机肥 ,特别是有机—无机肥配合施用在短期内对降低土壤容重 ,提高土壤孔度 ,增加 1～ 3 mm水稳性团聚体数量 ,提高土壤养分和有机质含量 ,促进土壤生物繁殖具有显著作用 ,并呈随有机肥投入量递增而显著增加的趋势 ,化肥 (包括化肥平衡施用 )的综合效应则相对较低。大幅度提高土壤有机质含量及供钾水平是退化土壤肥力恢复过程中面临的重要问题。不同培肥方式的土壤微生物数量构成中细菌均占绝对优势 ,对作物营养具较大贡献 ;化肥、有机—无机肥配合施用不利于土壤真菌、放线菌数量的提高