Structure of the Cornea in Some Cervidae

The structure of the corneas of adult and young reindeer, roedeer and elk was studied. The corneas were strikingly similar in general appearance. The number of squamous cells was found to be the main difference. The thickness of the cornea and that of the membrane of Descemet was found to be greater in older animals.     

Renal excretion of urea in reindeer. Effect of nutrition.

Renal reabsorption of urea was studied in 8 9-month old reindeer calves fed low protein (19–34 g crude protein, mostly lichens) and high protein (68–69 g crude protein, lichens + soybean meal) diets.Low protein diets fed for a 3-month period resulted in an average renal reabsorption of 93% of the filtered urea, while only 50 % was reabsorbed on the high protein ration. It was calculated that if the reabsorbed urea was used completely for protein synthesis in the rumen, 4 g crude protein could be made daily in the lichen fed animals. This amount would be a very significant contribution to the nitrogen economy of animals which are usually in a negative nitrogen balance when lichens are the main food consumed.     

北方农牧交错带不同土地利用方式下表层土壤含水量对比研究

通过对北方农牧交错带不同地区不同土地利用方式下的不同深度土壤水分含量进行分析,得出以下几点初步结论:土壤水分含量的空间差异显著,各采样点不同土地利用方式下土壤水分含量相差较大,但在具体表现上不尽相同;同一地区,不同土地利用方式下的土壤含水量变化明显;同一地区,同一土地利用方式下,不同深度的土壤含水量变化幅度较小,但仍体现出上层偏小,下层偏大的特点。降水、蒸发、土地利用方式、土壤质地、海拔高度、坡度、人类活动等因素是影响不同采样点土壤含水量变化的主要原因。     

Influence of soil scarification on reindeer foraging and damage to planted Pinus sylvestris seedlings

Abstract

The effects of soil scarification on reindeer lichen cover and re-establishment, reindeer foraging and damage possibly caused by reindeer to planted Scots pine seedlings were studied during six growing periods in a field experiment established in a reindeer lichen site that was grazed by a herd of 500–600 reindeer each winter. Seedlings (at a density equivalent to 2000 ha^?1) were planted in mounds with mineral soil on top, in tracks with exposed mineral soil, in tracks with mixed organic material and mineral soil and in intact lichen mat (control) with no soil disturbance. The disturbed area varied from 0 to 28%. After six growing periods, the reindeer lichen cover and volume were 10–20% lower in the scarified plots than in the control plots. There was no clear evidence that the reindeer avoided foraging even in plots with the highest levels of soil disturbance. However, the behaviour of the reindeer during winter grazing seemed to be affected by both coverage of reindeer lichen (positively) and the proportion of exposed mineral soil (negatively). Damage possibly caused by reindeer trampling affected 8.2% of the living seedlings each year and approximately 50% of these seedlings were subsequently infected by fungal diseases (compared with 20% of viable undamaged seedlings). Scarification treatments that exposed mineral soil mildly resulted in higher survival and growth rates than the other treatments, especially the control.     

新疆草原畜牧业特点及其发展对策

针对新疆草地资源丰富多样，生产潜力巨大，但季节不平衡严重牧业经营方式落后，限制草原畜牧业生产能力的发挥的特点，提出了改善目前状况的主要对策；以市场为导向，发展商品生产，走牧区产业化的道路；发展农区畜牧业，形成牧区繁殖农区生产体系，扩大定居游牧生产范围，实行半牧半养的高效草原畜牧业。     

The effects of outdoor recreation on range use by semi‐domesticated reindeer

The effects of a large holiday resort on the distribution and range use of semi‐domesticated reindeer were studied in the three most important habitat types in Saariselkä, eastern Finnish Lapland. In two of these habitats the relative reindeer densities increased in winter, when outdoor activities declined reaching density equal to the average for the herding association at a distance of about 10 km from the holiday resort. In summer, male reindeer adapted better than females to the proximity of the holiday resort. The feeding site preferences of the reindeer during winter followed, in general, the normal pattern in areas with little human interference. Although the economic value of the range loss appeared small compared to the gain from outdoor enterprises, better planning is needed to avoid the harmful effects of recreation on reindeer management.     

仿驯鹿足底形貌胎面单元对轮胎防滑性能影响分析

轮胎胎面单元形貌结构对冬季轮胎防滑性能提升至关重要。为提高轮胎防滑性能,基于驯鹿足部特征,运用工程仿生技术,设计了有棱纹和无棱纹仿生防滑胎面单元。采用冰面附着试验和有限元数值模拟,与同尺寸常规人字形胎面单元比较,对仿生防滑胎面单元的防滑性能进行了分析。在试验低压状态下(压强≤0.02MPa)通过冰面与3种胎面单元的附着试验,结果表明在相同的速度、温度和压力条件下无棱纹仿生胎面单元摩擦系数最高,是人字形胎面单元的1.04～1.26倍。通过有限元数值分析,在低压0.02 MPa作用下,有棱纹仿生胎面单元、无棱纹仿生胎面单元和人字形胎面单元下的冰表面温度相对于初始温度分别升高了0.21、0.66和0.54℃,无棱纹仿生胎面单元温度升高最大,表明在低压条件下,无棱纹仿生胎面单元防滑性能最好。在高压状态(压强=2 MPa),有限元分析发现有棱纹仿生胎面单元、无棱纹仿生胎面单元和人字形胎面单元下的冰表面温度相对于初始温度分别升高了7.76、4.07和3.39℃,有棱纹仿生胎面单元升高温度最大,表明在高压状态下,有棱纹仿生胎面单元防滑性能最好。无棱纹仿生胎面单元和有棱纹仿生胎面单元分别在低压和高压状态下具有优良的防滑特性。该研究可为轮胎胎面单元的冰面防滑设计提供参考。     

Occurrence of Antibodies to Group Specific Chlamydia Antigen in Cattle and Reindeer Sera in Finnish Lapland

The occurrence of group specific complement fixing antibodies was studied in random sera of cattle and reindeer in Finnish Lapland. Sixty-eight (40.5%) of the 168 cattle sera were positive. Sixty 4hree (21.6 %) of the 291 reindeer sera were positive. The difference is statistically nearly significant in the t-test. The antibody titer ≥ 1:16 was regarded as positive. The antibody frequency of cattle sera was statistically significantly higher and the antibody frequency of reindeer sera was nearly significantly higher than in earlier studies on cattle sera in South and Central Finland. The reasons are discussed.     

Prevalence of echinococcosis in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Sweden

In Sweden echinococcosis is uncommon in domestic animals. In reindeer in the most northern part of the country echinococcosis was found. Of 1453 pairs of lungs, 23 pairs (1.6 %) were infected with hydatid cysts. These were of two types: typical well-developed hydatid cysts, which were found in nine of the 23 infected lungs, and collapsed hydatid cysts, which were found in 13 of the lungs. In only one lung pair both types of cysts were seen.     

Spontaneous Aortic Lesions in Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus L)

Aortas of 20 reindeer, aged from 1.5 to 8.5 years, were studied. Fatty streaks were seen in 9, a fibrous plaque in 1, and elastic tissue degeneration in the tunica media in 4 of the aortas.