Regeneration of sylvopastoral lands in the Sahel zone under village management conditions

This article reports the results of a study aimed to develop an approach for the rehabilitation of sylvopastoral lands that would be applicable and sustainable under local village-management conditions. Stabilization measures involved protection against exploitation activities during a period of five years, with accompanying low-cost restoration measures (all locally known) including (i) alignments of dead wood along the contour, (ii) spreading (mulching) of dead wood, and (iii) alignments of small stones along the contour. Monitoring demonstrated remarkable and continuing regeneration of the vegetation, with restoration measures clearly accelerating such regeneration. Low-intensity grazing did not appear to be harmful. The study also demonstrated the synergy between the herbaceous and woody plant layers. However, village management of the area was increasingly neglected, and after the five-year period exploitation levels reverted back to normal, so that the results will not be sustained. This was due to neglect of socio–economic issues, including insufficient insight into the norms and values attributed by the villagers to such low potential sylvopastoral lands. Future research should focus on the socio–economic aspects of land rehabilitation, as technical means are widely known, including appropriate low-cost measures based on local practices. Recommendations focus on principles and steps to be undertaken for successful and sustainable land rehabilitation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宁夏退牧还草工程植被特征研究

通过对宁夏灵武市草原退牧还草工程区草地植被特征的研究,结果表明:退化草地经围栏禁牧和补播后,由于有效消除了放牧的干扰,草地得到了休养生息,开始不断改善和恢复。主要表现在:禁牧加补播样地和禁牧样地地上生物量明显增加,平均比放牧样地高出87.03%和46.67%;禁牧加补播及禁牧样地植被盖度增大,分别比放牧草地提高了25.46%和15.37%;放牧区及禁牧区多为一年生植物,且区内的株丛数显著高于禁牧加补播区;在三个区内植物种类数和多样性指数没有差异显著性。综合评价,退牧还草工程的实施很好的改善了草地植被的生长效果。     

贵州喀斯特山区石漠化生态环境背景与生态重建

贵州省地处中国西南喀斯特中心地区,是中国石漠化分布面积最大、危害最严重的省份。轻度以上的石漠化面积已达35 920 km2,占全省土地总面积的20.39%。由于贵州喀斯特石漠化生态环境背景的特殊性,其研究对石漠化的生态重建研究有着重要的意义。对此贵州省采取了一系列措施,但实施过程中尚存在一些问题。在总结前人的研究基础上,综合考虑贵州喀斯特石漠化生态地质环境背景的特殊性,提出适宜的生态重建措施。     

门头沟山区矿产废弃地及公路边坡植被恢复技术适应性研究

对在北京市门头沟区典型矿产废弃地和裸露公路边坡实施的8种植被恢复技术的效果进行了调查与分析,结果表明:对潭柘寺及妙峰山石灰窑废弃地进行的人工景观修复效果最佳,植被覆盖度达85%以上,美景度达优级,居民满意度最高;付家台公路上边坡绿化笼砖裸岩生态修复技术和黄土台无土碎石边坡创新生态修复技术的植被恢复效果也较好,冲蚀量及入渗速率都有明显的改善,但无土碎石边坡植被恢复中,容器苗修复技术存在着植株成活率较低的问题;百花山景区公路沿线采用客土移栽修复技术植被恢复效果显著,但这种技术对土质及坡度都有较高的要求,具有一定的局限性;植生袋及保育棒修复技术虽然植被盖度较高,但所用植株较低、绿期短,且存在建设成本较高的问题;挂网喷播修复技术具有较大的局限性,在坡角大于50°时,由于土壤冲蚀量大,坡面挂不住土层,所以植株无法正常生长,而在坡角小于50°时,一般无需使用这种技术,因为它的建设成本及维护成本较高。     

柴达木盆地区域土地整治与土地整理效益比较——以海西蒙古族藏族自治州为例

分别从社会、经济、生态3个方面选取13个指标建立土地整治效益评价体系,选取6个位于海西蒙古族藏族自治州境内的土地整治与土地整理项目作为评价单元,运用主成分分析法及其综合模型,对评价单元的综合效益进行评价和排名.结果表明:6个土地整治与土地整理项目效益排名从高到低分别为大格勒乡整治项目、北郊复垦整治项目、郭勒木德镇新乐村土地整治项目、河东河西农场整治项目、柯鲁克镇土地整理项目和茶汉村土地整理项目,且土地整治优于土地整理的综合效益.     

大型综合医院户外空间植物景观研究

为营造良好的医院户外空间,采用文献查阅和综合分析等方法对广州市3家大型综合医院的绿地植物景观进行研究。结果表明:3家医院共有植物116种,其中骨干树种和基调树种的重复率较高,乔灌比值偏小,常绿与落叶比相对合理,色彩应用设计合理。在交往空间的搭配中,广东省中医院的交往空间最丰富,广东省人民医院私密型空间较少,中山大学第一附属医院对病人户外交往空间考虑不够,空间应用的元素较为单一。     

Potential for reintroduction of lake sturgeon in five northern Lake Michigan tributaries: a habitat suitability perspective

• 1. Conservation and rehabilitation efforts for lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens throughout the Great Lakes include the re‐establishment of self‐sustaining stocks in systems where they have been extirpated.
• 2. Information on the suitability of potential lake sturgeon habitat in tributaries is important for determining their capacity to support lake sturgeon stocking and to develop system‐specific rehabilitation strategies.
• 3. Geo‐referenced habitat information characterizing substrate composition, water depth, and stream gradient were applied to a life‐stage specific lake sturgeon habitat suitability index in a geographic information system to produce spatially explicit models of life‐stage specific habitat characteristics in five northern Lake Michigan tributaries from which lake sturgeon have been extirpated.
• 4. Habitat models indicated that high quality lake sturgeon spawning and staging habitat comprised 0 to 23% and 0 to 9% of the available habitat, respectively, whereas high quality juvenile lake sturgeon habitat was relatively ubiquitous throughout each river and comprised 39 to 99%.
• 5. Comparison of these data to lake sturgeon habitat availability in Lake Michigan tributaries currently supporting populations indicated that spawning and staging habitats may limit the ability of these systems to support spawning. Efforts to re‐establish lake sturgeon populations in these systems should consider the creation of spawning and staging habitat to increase reproductive and recruitment potential prior to the initiation of stocking efforts.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impacts of water resource planning on regional water consumption pattern: A case study in Dunhuang Oasis,China

Water resources are critical for the existence and development of oases in endorheic basins. Thus, to enable sustainable development, it is fundamentally important to understand how to allocate and use these resources in a reasonable way. We therefore simulated and analyzed changes in water consumption pattern within the Dunhuang Oasis of China under three scenarios using a system dynamic model that corresponds to different water consumption pattern. This was done to assess the impacts of regional water resource planning (comprehensive planning of the rational use of water resource and protection of ecosystem services in the Dunhuang Basin) on water consumption pattern within the Dunhuang Oasis. The first of these, Scenario 1, is a baseline in which the status quo is maintained, while Scenario 2 incorporates the comprehensive effects of agricultural water-saving irrigation measures with an inter-basin water diversion project, and Scenario 3 focuses on ecological rehabilitation. In the baseline Scenario 1, the total water consumption within the Dunhuang Oasis increased progressively while agricultural water consumption remained extremely high and threatened overall ecological security. In contrast, Scenario 2 would decrease agricultural water consumption by almost 5.30×10⁷ m³ following the implementation of water-saving practices. The additional water allocated from an inter-basin water diversion project would play an important role in alleviating ecological strain on the oasis. Finally, in Scenario 3, the total irrigated land must be decreased to 20.6×10³ hm² by 2025 assuming that water supply for ecosystem restoration would be at least 50% of the total consumption. Although water resource planning plays a very important role in alleviating the ecological water crisis within the oasis, it is necessary to consider the suitable scale of oasis with regard to current water consumption pattern.     

红壤侵蚀地生态修复后水源涵养功能研究

在江西省泰和县老虎山小流域内采用5种模式进行人工森林重建,即设置强烈干扰马尾松林分(模式A)、封育马尾松林分(模式B)、竹节沟马尾松林分(模式C)、种草竹节沟马尾松林分(模式D)、竹节沟湿地松林分(模式E)5种林分,对其林冠层和林下植被层截留、凋落物层持水量以及林地土壤层渗透及贮水性能进行了研究。结果表明:模式E的林冠层及林下植被层截留量最大,模式A最小;模式D的凋落物层持水量最大,其次是模式C,模式B和E相等,为最小;模式B土壤渗透性能最好,其次为模式D,模式E的初渗速率最小,模式A的稳渗速率最小;土壤贮水性能以模式D最大,其次为模式B,模式E最差。试验表明选择适宜的生态修复模式,保护和改良土壤结构,提高土壤层涵蓄水分的能力和土壤渗透性,是提高红壤严重侵蚀地水土保持林水源涵养功能的关键。     

西北地区植被恢复与建设的原则

 在分析植被建设工程存在问题的基础上,提出我国西北地区实施退耕还林、天然林保护、防沙治沙等工程的植被建设中需遵循8项原则:统一规划与协调一致的原则;建设多类型植被,以地带性植被为主的原则;建设手段采用人工与天然相结合,以天然为主的原则;保护、开发利用相结合,以保护为主的原则;充分利用种质资源,以乡土树种为主的原则;合理利用水资源,建设以免灌溉植被为主的原则;乔灌草相结合,以灌草为主的原则;多种繁殖材料相结合,以种子繁殖和天然“克隆”为主的原则。