玉米苗期冠层多光谱反射率反演与叶绿素含量诊断

为了探索玉米苗期叶片叶绿素含量指标的快速、非破坏性估测方法,该文运用多光谱图像技术对大田玉米苗期叶绿素含量指标进行快速无损的诊断研究。大田试验中,采用2-CCD多光谱图像采集系统获取大田玉米苗期的冠层多光谱图像,并同步采集漫反射灰度板的多光谱图像。为消除光照对图像采集质量的影响,准确将不同光照条件下的玉米冠层图像数据转换为其叶面反射率数据,标定试验中采用一块4个不同灰度级的满足朗伯面条件漫反射灰度板,建立了叶片光谱反射率同图像灰度值之间的线性反演公式,并与大田试验中漫反射灰度板的多光谱图像建立了玉米冠层图像灰度值的校正公式。对玉米苗期冠层多光谱图像进行处理,提取出玉米冠层B、G、R、NIR(中心波长分别为470,550,620,800 nm)4个波段归一化平均灰度值。通过灰度值的校正公式得到校正后的归一化平均灰度值,由线性公式反演出R、G、B、NIR 4个波段的平均反射率值,并计算4种常见光谱植被指数(RNDVI、RNDGI、RRVI和RDVI),采用最小二乘-支持向量回归(LS-SVR)建立植被指数同叶绿素含量指标的拟合模型。结果表明:植被指数RNDVI、RRVI和RDVI和玉米冠层叶绿素含量指标拟合验证集决定系数R2为0.56,达到了较为理想的拟合结果。证明通过漫反射灰度板对玉米冠层多光谱图像建立反射率反演校正模型的方法是可行的,这一方法为快速无损检测玉米苗期叶绿素含量指标提供了支持。     

反射光谱技术在监测大豆叶片光化学效率和水分状况中的应用

干旱胁迫在我国大豆主产区频繁发生,对大豆产量造成了严重影响。因此,为建立有效的旱情监测指标,采用反射光谱技术监测了野生大豆和栽培大豆离体叶片在失水过程中相对含水量和叶绿素荧光的变化。结果表明:在失水过程中,野生大豆和栽培大豆离体叶片的相对含水量(RWC)、水分指数(WI)、光化学反射指数(PRI)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ФPSII)都随失水时间的增加而降低,且WI、PRI、Fv/Fm和ФPSII均与RWC呈显著相关,PRI可以很好地反映Fv/Fm和ФPSII的变化。同时野生大豆和栽培大豆离体叶片在可见光波段(500~750 nm)的反射率随着失水时间的增加而升高,在近红外区(750~1 000 nm)的反射率则呈现"升高-降低-升高"的趋势。总之,利用反射光谱技术可以快速、准确地反映大豆叶片在失水过程中光化学效率和水分状况的变化。     

Rapid compositional analysis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using visible‐near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Rapid measurement of salmon flesh quality parameters (>400 samples day^?1) was demonstrated in the laboratory and remotely at industrial sites. Visible‐near infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS) was applied to predict astaxanthin (AX) and fat content in farmed Atlantic salmon. Fish were sampled from thirteen batches (1–6 kg whole weight, containing 2.3–16.3% fat and 1.2–12.5 μg g^?1 AX), and models validated on small (average ± SD: 1.4 ± 0.4 kg) and large fish (4.2 ± 0.9 kg). Both constituents were well predicted in minced Norwegian Quality Cutlet (NQC) samples (r² ≥ 0.86; standard error of prediction (SEP) ≤0.7% for fat and ≤0.7 μg g^?1 for AX). Comparable metrics were observed for AX prediction in whole NQCs (r² = 0.80–0.88; SEP 0.7 μg g^?1). Fat was better predicted in small fish than large fish for whole NQCs (r² = 0.82, SEP 1.0% cf r² = 0.59, SEP = 0.59%) and non‐destructive scanning through the skin of whole, gutted fish (r² = 0.77, SEP = 1.2% cf r² = 0.49, SEP = 1.5%). Models were also developed for screening polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations, e.g. in NQCs for docosahexaenoic acid (r² = 0.73) and n‐3:n‐6 PUFA (r² = 0.89).     

Partial least squares regression (PLSR) associated with spectral response to predict soil attributes in transitional lithologies

New techniques and improvements are required to quantify soil’s chemical and physical properties on production environment, reducing environmental impacts and minimizing soil analysis time. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility to estimate the content of silt, sand, clay, total iron and organic matter in soils formed by different lithologies in Parana State, Brazil, using VIS-NIR spectrum associated with Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR). 200 soil samples were collected in an area formed by Lixisols, Cambisols, Ferralsols, Arenosols and Nitisols in a depths of 0–0.2 and 0.2–0.8 m. Spectral readings were obtained in laboratory by FieldSpec 3 JR sensor. The spectral curves of the samples were correlated to the attributes through PLSR. The results obtained for sand in prediction were better when compared to the other attributes, presenting R² = 0.90, r = 0.95 and RPD = 2.3. Clay and total iron presented satisfactory results, mainly for RPD values, which were above 2.4. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the PLSR technique associated with the spectral response of the soils, was able to estimate sand, clay and total iron with accuracy in a region formed by reworked materials, derived from several lithologies.     

Weed Management in Rice-Wheat Cropping System through Remote Sensing： A Review

The productivity of the flee-wheat rotation of the Indo-Gangetie Plains is critical to India＇s food security. Severe weed competition resulting from the change in morphological characteristics of the modem high yielding varieties （HYV） led to intensive use of herbicides for weed control. Continuous and indiscriminate use of herbicides led to pollution as well as build up of resistant biotypes. This necessitates the need based use of herbicides. Identification of predominant weeds in rice-wheat cropping system through remote sensing and Geographic Information System （GIS） would help in reducing the load of herbicide on agro-eco system by reducing spray volume, application time and non-target spraying. This will help in developing site-specific weed management technique by geating only those areas with herbicide where weed densities exceed the economic threshold and may reduce application rate of herbicides in patches where weed densities are low. This paper reviews the literature on role of remote sensing for weed management not just to review their empirical findings, but to evaluate the role they have played and have the potential to play-in actual for weed management in flee-wheat cropping system （food bowl of India）.     

土壤含水率对近红外传感器标定模型的响应研究

为提高近红外传感器测量的准确度,进一步理解不同标定模型对土壤含水率测量精度的影响。利用土壤表面的近红外反射光强来预测土壤含水率,通过归一化处理将反射光强转化为相对吸收深度和相对反射率,采用2种标定方法,分别建立土壤含水率与相对吸收深度之间及土壤含水率与相对反射率之间的线性模型与非线性模型。选取我国东北地区的黑土进行标定,并用独立的试验数据对模型进行检验。结果表明,吸收深度法的线性和非线性模型的预测值和实测值符合度较好。反射率法的线性模型和非线性模型对土壤的含水率预测均方根误差(RMSE)分别为2.89%和2.95%,相对吸收深度法非线性模型的RMSE值明显大于其他3种模型,预测准确度最低。说明不同标定方法会影响土壤含水率的预测结果。4种模型的预测精度能够满足测量要求。     

Use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) for Predicting Soil Fertility and Historical Management

This study tests the potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for predicting soil fertility and management history from topsoil (0–10 cm deep) spectra. Soil fertility was assessed by measuring the growth of a test plant, and soil management history was determined through inquiries with farmers. Moreover, NIRS predictive value was compared with that of a group of topsoil parameters: total carbon and nitrogen, nitrate, potential respiration and denitrification, and microbial biomass. Modelling used partial and modified partial least square regressions to ensure comparisons between predictions by NIRS versus by soil parameters. Soil fertility and management history were well predicted by NIRS (Q² = 0.78 and R² = 0.89 both; Q² and R² are cross-validation and calibration coefficients of determination, respectively), as were the soil parameters (Q² = 0.79–0.92 and R² = 0.86–0.98). Soil fertility and management history were more accurately predicted by NIRS than by the set of soil parameters.     

长期定位施肥条件下作物光谱特征及养分吸收量预测

为了明确不同施肥条件下典型生育期冬小麦和夏玉米冠层光谱特征差异,该研究以长期定位施肥试验为研究对象,在确定典型生育期作物冠层光谱反射率与收获期作物地上部分主要养分吸收量相关性的基础上,建立收获期作物主要养分吸收量预测模型。结果表明,可见光波段相似生育期夏玉米冠层光谱反射率与冬小麦相近,但在近红外区域平均高于冬小麦8.42%。生育中期2种作物秸秆、籽粒及地上部分氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)吸收量与冠层光谱反射率在可见光波段普遍呈极显著负相关关系,在近红外波段呈极显著正相关关系。全生育期夏玉米冠层光谱反射率与作物吸氮量的相关系数在可见光波段基本持平,但在近红外波段平均高于冬小麦0.4152。全生育期夏玉米冠层反射率与地上部分吸磷量的相关系数在可见光波段和近红外区域较冬小麦平均分别低0.3621和0.2072。全生育期夏玉米冠层光谱反射率与地上部分吸钾量相关系数在可见光波段平均低于冬小麦0.1270,在近红外波段高于冬小麦0.0341。除夏玉米吸磷量外,基于冬小麦和夏玉米典型生育期冠层光谱反射率建立的模型均可准确预测收获期作物主要养分吸收量,且对冬小麦养分吸收量的预测精度略高于夏玉米,该结论可以为黄淮海地区冬小麦和夏玉米的长势监测和肥料管理提供科学依据。     

红外漫反射法在粘土矿表面氯酚光降解研究中的应用

利用红外漫反射技术对高压汞灯和紫外灯照射下2，4—二氯酚和2，4，5—三氯酚在高岭土表面的光降解进行了分析，依其结构和特征吸收的关系，初步推测氯酚在粘土矿表面的降解历程。     

A REFLECTANCE-BASED METHOD FOR ESTIMATING TRANSPIRATIONAL WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN MAIZE EXPOSED TO DROUGHT STRESS

A novel measurement technique was developed to remotely sense transpirational water use efficiency (WUE_T). Maize (Zea mays) crop was grown under three water regimes of 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 times of water surface evaporation (Ep). WUE_T was evaluated and compared with leaf reflectance. Our data showed that drought stress significantly decreased leaf area, leaf water content and WUE_T. Leaf reflectance near the red edge spectrum varied with water regimes and growth stages. Importantly, WUE_T was negatively correlated (P < 0.01) with reflectance near the 760-nm. At the V9 and V12 stages and compared with those of well irrigated treatments, the first derivative reflectance peak of 0.75 Ep was left-shifted to shorter wavelengths. Our study provides an experimental evidence for the red edge - WUE_T relationship, and suggests that reflectance at the 760-nm could be used as a rapid and instant physiological tool to quantitatively assess WUE_T at the leaf level.