土壤剖面硝态氮含量的快速测试方法

为缩短分析时间提高时效，建立了田间条件下土壤剖面硝态氮含量测定的方法，主要包括1：1土水质量比快速浸提土壤硝态氮，Merck反射仪进行浸提液硝态氮快速定量及酒精灼烧法快速测定土壤水分，根据土壤容重换算土壤硝态氮含量。将该方法与实验室常规的0．01mol／LCaCl2溶液1：10土水质量比浸提、连续流动分析法比较．结果表明，田间快速法与实验室常规法测定的土壤硝态氮含量具有极显著的相关性，2种方法测定表土层(0～30cm)和底土层(30～90cm)土壤硝态氮质量分数(mg／kgN)的相关系数分别为0．96和0．92，按不同层次土壤容重换算表土层和底土层土壤硝态氮含量(kg／hm^2N)的相关系数为0．93和0．92。     

不同条件下夏玉米冠层反射光谱响应特性的研究

通过对两个年份不同牛育阶段的田间夏玉米活体进行冠层反射光谱测定,该文分析了不同空间尺度、种植密度、观测角度、生育阶段、叶面积指数KAI、氮素胁迫、叶片含水量以及与杂草共生等8个条件下的冠层反射光谱响应特性,并探讨其发生机理,研究结果表明,夏玉米在不同条件下的冠层反射光谱响应均呈现出一定的规律性.在近红外波段,其反射率值随氮肥施用量的增加而增大,尤以750～1350 nm波段,但在可见光波段,反射率值降低;随着观测探头的逐步升高,反射率值降低:随杂草量的增多,反射率值逐渐增大.这些结果揭示了高光谱遥感田间夏玉米理化信息获取的巨大潜力,同时,为以后遥感反演建模提供了依据.     

利用辐射度模型模拟玉米冠层辐射分布

随着遥感研究的深入和计算机技术的提高,地面目标二向性反射分布函数（BRDF）的研究不断深入,计算机模拟模型因其对植被结构的细致描述并能更真实模拟光线与植被冠层之间的相互作用,受到越来越多的学者重视。本文以2000年在中国科学院栾城生态系统试验站测量的夏玉米为例,在对玉米三维结构进行实地测量的基础上,利用扩展的L系统对生长期的玉米进行建模,进而应用基于真实结构场景的辐射度模型(RGM)计算了玉米场景的二向性反射率因子（BRF）,对模拟结果与实测结果进行了分析与比较,结果显示两者之间具有较好的一致性。证明了辐射度模型用于植被冠层光辐射分布模拟是行之有效的,可以为波谱库提供可靠的多角度数据,并为进一步冠层辐射分布的研究工作奠定了基础。     

玉米叶片高光谱特征及与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素相关性的研究

测定了不同品种类型、不同株型、不同发育期的春玉米叶片及其它器官、不同叶位叶片及叶片不同部位的高光谱反射率和叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量。结果表明,玉米不同鲜器官的反射率随波长的变化趋势相似,但数值存在较大差异;不同叶位的叶片、不同品种同一叶位的叶片、叶片的不同部位的光谱反射率有差异;叶片光谱反射率随含水率减少而升高,它们的变化趋势相似;叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素浓度与光谱植被指数R800/R550、R673/R640、PSSRa、PSNDa、RCh、CARI、λred、Dλred和Sred具有极显著相关。说明可以通过光谱方法来监测玉米长势和估算叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量。     

近红外光谱技术与常规方法检测紫花苜蓿品质的对比研究

从黑龙江省国家牧草产业技术体系绥化综合试验站的试验田中采集的10 种（每种取7 个样品）紫花苜蓿样品分别采用近红外光谱技术和常规化学测定法,对其含有的粗蛋白（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、脂肪（FAT）、灰分（ASH）、干物质（DM）成分进行了测定,并将测试结果用SPSS 软件进行配对T值分析比较,结果表明：两种方法的X ± S 相近,|t|<0.05,P>0.05,差异不显著。分别计算两种方法的标准偏差（S）和相对标准偏差（RSD）,发现近红外分析方法的值均小于常规化学分析方法。试验结果表明：基于与常规化学方法的比较,近红外方法可以作为一种新的检测方法被使用,值得广泛应用于各种牧草饲养品质的测定与推广。     

Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain

There is limited research to study how moist heating affects internal structure of barley grain on a molecular basis. The objectives of this study were to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy: 1) to determine the moist heating induced changes of barley carbohydrate (CHO) structure on a molecular basis, 2) to study the effects of moist heating on CHO chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) subfractions, in situ rumen degradation, and predicted intestinal carbohydrate supply of barley grain; and 3) to reveal the association between molecular structure spectral features and CHO related metabolic characteristics. Barley samples (CDC cowboy) were collected from Kernen Crop Research Farm (Saskatoon, Canada) during two consecutive years. Half of each sample was kept as raw barley and the other half underwent moist heating (autoclaving at 120 °C for 60 min). The molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR) was used to detect the barley CHO related molecular structure spectral features. Moist heating did not affect carbohydrate related chemical profiles and CNCPS subfractions but it decreased rumen degradable carbohydrate. Rumen undegradable and intestinal digestion of CHO subfractions were not affected by moist heating. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy can be used to detect carbohydrate molecular spectral features. Nutrient utilization prediction using molecular spectral characteristics is warranted and further investigation is encouraged.     

Influence of Soil Particle Size on the Measurement of Sodium by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

This study evaluates the effect of soil particle size (SPS) on the measurement of exchangeable sodium (Na) (EXC-Na) by near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy. Three hundred thirty-two (n = 332) top soil samples (0–10 cm) were taken from different locations across Uruguay, analyzed by EXC-Na using emission spectrometry, and scanned in reflectance using a NIR spectrophotometer (1100–2500 nm). Partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) models between reference chemical data and NIR data were developed using cross validation (leaving one out). The coefficient of determination in calibration (R²) and the root mean square of the standard error of cross validation (RMSECV) for EXC-Na concentration were 0.44 (RMSECV: 0.12 mg kg^–1) for soil with small particle size (SPS-0.053) and 0.77 (RMSECV: 0.09 mg kg^–1) for soils with particle sizes greater than 0.212 mm (SPS-0.212), using the NIR region after second derivative as mathematical transformation. The R² and RMSECV for EXC-Na concentration using PCR were 0.54 (RMSECV: 0.07 mg kg^–1) and 0.80 (RMSECV: 0.03 mg kg^–1) for SPS-0.053 and SPS-0.212 samples, respectively.     

半湿润雨养农业区油菜冠层反射光谱与覆盖度的相关分析

以黄土高原甘肃庆阳西峰为半湿润雨养农区典型代表,分析研究油菜营养生长阶段苗期、蕾苔期和生殖生长阶段初期开花始期的冠层反射光谱特征与其覆盖度的相关性.结果表明,这几个时期油菜覆盖度与450、550、650、850、1650nm波段反射率存在明显的相关关系,尤其是蕾苔期,相关关系达到极显著水平.另外,研究了10个常用的植被指数同油菜覆盖度间的相关关系,这10个植被指数同油菜覆盖度存在着极显著的相关关系,相关性高于同单波段反射率间的关系.并且,利用各时期最优的2个植被指数建立了油菜覆盖度线性及非线性回归监测模型,方程的拟合度都较好.苗期,线形和非线性回归模型拟合程度差异不大,蕾苔期,以线性方程拟合精度较其它方程高;开花始期则以指数模型拟合精度高.     

Prediction of chemical composition and peroxide value in unground pet foods by near‐infrared spectroscopy

The massive development of the pet food industry in recent years has lead to the formulation of hundreds of canine and feline complete extruded foods with the objective of meeting both the needs of the animals and numerous demands from pet owners. In the meantime, highly variable raw material compositions and the industry's new production techniques oblige manufacturers to monitor all phases of the extrusion process closely in order to ensure the targeted composition and quality of the products. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of infrared technology (visible and near‐infrared spectrophotometer; 570–1842 nm) in predicting the chemical composition and peroxide value (PV) of unground commercial extruded dog foods. Six hundred and forty‐nine commercial extruded dog foods were collected. For each product, an unground aliquot was analysed by infrared instrument while a second aliquot was sent to a laboratory for proximate analysis and PV quantification. The wide range of extruded dog food typologies included in the study was responsible for the wide variability observed within each nutritional trait, especially crude fibre and ash. The mean value of the 208 pet foods sampled for PV quantification was 17.49 mEq O₂/kg fat (min 2.2 and max 94.10 mEq O₂/kg fat). The coefficients of determination in cross‐validation of NIRS prediction models were 0.77, 0.97, 0.83, 0.86, 0.78 and 0.94 for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) respectively. PV prediction was less precise, as demonstrated by the coefficient of determination in cross‐validation (0.66). The results demonstrated the potential of NIRS in predicting chemical composition in unground samples, with lower accuracy for moisture and ash, while PV prediction models suggest use for screening purposes only.     

Evaluation of Transmittance and Reflectance Pulse Oximetry in a Canine Model of Hypotension and Desaturation

Ten, anesthetized dogs were instrumented with three pulse oximeter probes; two lingual transmittance probes and one rectal reflective probe. Arterial oxygen desaturation was produced by decreasing the inspired oxygen concentration. Hypotension was produced with an infusion of nitroprusside. Simultaneous pulse oximeter readings (SpO₂) were compared to co-oximeter measured arterial saturation (SaO₂) collected over a range of SaO₂ (50–100%) and mean arterial pressures (40–100mmHg). Each of the monitors and means of evaluating SpO₂ studied provided accurate SpO₂ measurements over a range of mean arterial pressure from 40–100mmHg. All of the monitors tested tended to overestimate the SaO₂ when the arterial saturation was less than 70%.