反坡水平阶水土保持效益观测

 在昆明市松华坝水源区牧羊河中游坡耕地布设反坡水平阶与对照径流小区,观测2种径流小区的径流量、泥沙量、总氮及总磷输出浓度和输出量。结果表明:与对照相比,反坡水平阶径流量减少34.14%、土壤流失量减少57.17%、总氮和总磷输出量分别减少33.32%和33.82%。坡耕地修反坡水平阶起到了较明显的保水、保土、保肥作用,对控制面源污染物具有重要意义。     

植被格局特征对大理河流域侵蚀产沙的响应

为了进一步研究植被覆盖FBM(fractional brownian motion)分形维数在不同流域中对植被覆盖特征的综合效果及作为固定参数代替现有的植被量化指标在实际的水文、土壤侵蚀等预测模型中的应用,该文通过对大理河流域上中下游青阳岔、李家河和曹坪3个水文站控制流域的降雨、径流和产沙等资料的全面综合分析,以次降雨径流侵蚀功率作为侵蚀外营力输入,通过对站控流域地貌特征FBM分形维数、植被景观格局FBM分形维数和NDVI植被指数作为描述下垫面特征,以地理信息系统(GIS)为平台,利用GIS和RS技术,构建大理河流域侵蚀产沙量多元线性回归模型,并通过2组不同参数预测结果对比,结果表明:以植被格局分形维数为植被量化参数的模型输沙模数模拟值与实测值之间的相对误差和绝对误差比以NDVI为植被量化参数的小;在38场次暴雨洪水中,基于植被格局分形维数为植被量化参数的模型次暴雨输沙模数模拟值与实测值之间的相对误差小于10%、20%、50%的分别占总场次的34.21%、55.26%、86.85%;38场次暴雨输沙模数的模拟值和实测值之间的平均相对误差为25.19%,其中模拟值与实测值绝对误差小于300 t/km2有31场,植被格局FBM分形维数可以更好反映植被覆盖与水土流失之间的关系,并且分析得到植被格局分形维数与土壤侵蚀强度之间呈负相关关系,决定系数为0.5066,即土壤侵蚀强度随着植被格局FBM分析维数的增大呈减小趋势,说明植被格局FBM分形维数对土壤侵蚀强度的影响较大.     

保水剂对橡胶树专用肥氮钾淋出特性的影响

[目的]探寻减少橡胶树专用肥淋溶损失的途径,提高橡胶树专用肥利用率。[方法]采用在橡胶树专用肥中添加保水剂的方法,模拟橡胶树每年第3次施肥期(9月份)的降雨量,开展间歇性土柱淋溶试验。研究了CMC(羧甲基纤维素钠),PAM(聚丙烯酰胺)和PAA(聚丙烯酸钠)这3种保水剂对橡胶树专用肥氮素、钾素释放特征及淋溶损失的影响,筛选保水剂及合理施用比例。[结果]3种保水剂对橡胶树专用肥中氮素、钾素的淋失均有抑制作用,其中保水剂PAM用量为6%时对橡胶树专用肥中的氮素、钾素淋失抑制效果最佳。该处理对氮素、钾素首次淋失抑制率分别为44.73%,57.16%,淋溶结束时氮素、钾素累积淋出量分别较未添加保水剂的对照处理减少了20.20%,14.87%。[结论]在橡胶树专用肥中添加保水剂可有效降低橡胶树专用肥中氮素、钾素的淋溶损失。     

勺链式马铃薯排种器漏播检测与补种系统的设计与试验

针对勺链式马铃薯排种器作业过程中普遍存在的漏种问题,该研究以高性能ATmega16单片机为核心,设计了由定位和测薯模块组成的漏播检测系统以及由固态继电器和电磁铁组成的速动补薯装置。定位模块主要由小磁钢和霍尔传感器构成,当携带小磁钢的种勺到达霍尔传感器所在位置时,系统会立即启动由红外检测电路组成的测薯模块工作,如发生漏播,控制系统将迅速发出补薯指令,速动补薯装置将待补薯种击打至预定位置,从而实现自动补种。试验表明:排种器线速度在0.3至0.8 m/s间变化时,最终漏播率和补种率变化较小,最终漏播率2%,补种成功率在85%以上;设计的马铃薯漏播检测及自动补种系统工作稳定,可以解决勺链式马铃薯排种器作业过程中的漏种问题。     

短坡坡长变化对坡地风沙土产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

通过野外水流冲刷试验,对比分析了不同坡长条件下坡面产流产沙及氮磷流失特征。结果表明,上方来水流量一定时,坡长越长,其坡面入渗量越大,径流量越小,且存在一个临界坡长,使得径流量和入渗量相当,累计径流量与坡长是负线性关系。随着坡长增加,产沙量增大,单位坡长的泥沙流失量在各坡长条件下差异并不显著(P0.05)。累计泥沙量随着坡长增大而增大;幂函数比指数函数能更好的描述硝态氮和水溶性磷浓度变化过程;泥沙中硝态氮和有效磷的含量整体上随时间呈减小趋势。坡长越长,其养分富集率越大;随着坡长增大,存在一个临界坡长使得养分流失总量最大;土壤剖面硝态氮含量分布随着深度增大呈现出峰值特征,但是峰值存在的深度不同。土壤剖面有效磷主要积聚表层5cm以上,5cm以下有效磷含量极低。研究结果对进一步分析坡长对水土养分流失的影响具有参考价值。     

不同覆盖措施对褐土养分流失的影响

为探究不同覆盖措施对养分流失及其粒径分布的影响,采用人工模拟降雨试验的方法,模拟了不同雨强(30,60mm/h)和不同覆盖物(枯落物、砾石)下,不同覆盖度对褐土坡面养分流失的影响,并对侵蚀土壤的粒径分布、养分流失浓度进行了分析。研究表明:(1)不同覆盖措施均能有效减少土壤流失,250g/m~2的枯落物和盖度为50%的砾石覆盖可减少91%~98%和68%~91%的土壤流失。(2)褐土坡面下,被侵蚀土壤中有机质、速效氮、速效磷的浓度基本不随覆盖条件的变化而变化,而速效钾的浓度随坡面覆盖度的增加可增至裸地对照组的144%~325%。(3)土壤中养分流失随坡面覆盖度增加而减少,250g/m~2的枯落物和盖度为50%的砾石覆盖可减少64%~96%和43.29%~94.39%的养分流失。(4)被侵蚀土壤的粒径显著小于侵蚀前土壤,并且侵蚀模数越大,被侵蚀土壤的粒径组成越接近于原状土。     

坡度对农业耕作措施水土保持作用的影响

农业耕作措施是水土保持三大措施之一,在坡耕地水土保持中起关键作用。利用人工模拟降雨试验方法,对不同坡度条件下农业耕作措施水土保持作用进行了研究。农业耕作措施包括等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕,以平整坡面为对照措施;降雨试验在长4m,宽1m的径流小区完成;坡度为5°,10°,15°,20°,25°;降雨强度为1,1.5,2mm/min。结果表明:与平整坡面相比,等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕分别减小产流量38.19%,32.25%和15.84%;减小产沙量均在50%以上,说明农业耕作措施具有明显的水土保持作用。通过对坡度与产流量、产沙量关系分析表明,在耕作坡面,坡度会影响产流量,但是大坡度与小坡度之间差异不显著。相反,坡度对产沙量具有显著影响,在小坡度条件下,产沙量受坡度的影响较小。当坡度大于15°后,坡度每增加1°,等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕耕作措施保土作用平均降低3.08%,4.74%和7.61%。回归分析表明产沙量与坡度之间存在指数函数关系。可见,坡度对农业耕作措施保水作用和保土作用的影响不同。     

Applying the USLE Family of Models at the Sparacia (South Italy) Experimental Site

Soil erosion is a key process to understand the land degradation, and modelling of soil erosion will help to understand the process and to foresee its impacts. The applicability of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) at event scale is affected by the fact that USLE rainfall erosivity factor does not take into account runoff explicitly. USLE‐M and USLE‐MM, including the effect of runoff in the event rainfall–runoff erosivity factor, are characterized by a better capacity to predict event soil loss. The specific objectives of this paper were (i) to determine the suitable parameterization of USLE, USLE‐M and USLE‐MM by using the dataseries of Sparacia experimental site and (ii) to evaluate their performances at both event and annual scale. The measurements allowed to establish the relationships for calculating the factors of USLE, USLE‐M and USLE‐MM usable at the Sparacia experimental area. At first, for slope‐length values greater than 33 m, the calibration of USLE model at event scale pointed out that sediment delivery processes, that is processes involving deposition of the transported eroded soil particles, occur. The analysis showed that USLE and USLE‐M tend to overestimate low event soil losses, while for USLE‐MM, this tendency is less pronounced. However, the USLE‐MM performed better than USLE and USLE‐M and was able to reproduce better than other two models the highest soil loss values that are the most interesting from a practical point of view. The results obtained at annual scale were generally consistent with those obtained at event scale. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil management for Alfisols in the semiarid tropics: erosion, enrichment ratios and runoff

Abstract. Continuous cultivation of soils of the semiarid tropics has led to significant land degradation. Soil erosion and nutrient loss caused by high runoff volumes have reduced crop yields and contributed to offsite damage. We compared a number of soil management practices (tillage, mulch and perennial/annual rotational based systems) for their potential to improve crop production and land resource protection in an Alfisol of the semiarid tropics of India. Runoff and soil erosion were monitored and surface soil and sediment were analysed for nitrogen and carbon to determine enrichment ratios. Amelioration of soils with organic additions (farmyard manure, rice straw) or rotating perennial pasture with annual crops increased soil carbon and nitrogen contents and reduced runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss. Soil erosion totalled less than 7 t ha^–1, but enrichment ratios were often greater than 2 resulting in up to 27 kg N ha^–1 and 178 kg C ha^–1 being lost in sediment. Up to an extra 250 mm of water per year infiltrated the soil with organic additions and was available for crop water use or percolation to groundwater. The results show that there are good opportunities for reducing degradation and increasing productivity on farms.     

普定岩溶区水土流失与土壤漏失模式研究

普定县是贵州省水土流失比较严重的地区之一,水土流失面积占全县总面积的60.8%,土壤年侵蚀模数高达4 422.3 t/(km2·a).通过现场调查,对该地区地形特征、岩性特点和水文条件进行综合分析.结果表明,岩溶裂隙、落水洞及地下暗河发育是造成水土流失的主要因素.对岩溶区水土流失与土壤漏失模式进行了概化,探讨了水土流失过程中雨滴溅蚀、坡面侵蚀、落水洞漏失及地下暗河运移之间的关系,从理论上分析了岩溶区水土流失的作用机理,对该地区水土流失防治具有一定的指导意义.