不同利用方式红壤坡地土壤水分分配及水肥流失研究

研究南方红壤坡地3种典型利用方式（休闲荒地、常规农作和茶园）的土壤水分分布特征及水肥流失情况。结果表明:①不同土地利用方式下的土壤水分含量变化与降雨量变化密切相关,土壤水分含量高低顺序为休闲荒地>茶园>常规农作。②常规农作产流不稳定,产流量明显高于休闲荒地和茶园,休闲荒地和茶园的产流无差异。③随径流损失的养分以氮素损失为主,养分损失量高低顺序为:常规农作>茶园>休闲荒地。从涵养水源、水土保持及经济效益综合考虑,南方红壤坡地利用以茶园利用为宜。     

四川盆地紫色土N,P损失载体及其影响因子

农业面源污染对环境的压力越来越大,已引起国内外广泛重视。利用人工降雨装置模拟3种不同强度的降雨,采用模拟径流小区研究了雨强及耕作措施对紫色土N,P损失量及载体的影响。结果表明:在耕作方式相同时,雨强越大,地表径流量越大,地下径流量减少,总径流量增加,不利于土壤保蓄雨水和含水量的提高。在相同雨强条件下,平作的地表径流量最大,土壤侵蚀也最剧烈。横坡垄作在中小雨强条件下控制地表径流和侵蚀的效果非常明显,但在大雨强条件下,控制径流和泥沙的效果减弱;横坡垄作有增加地下径流和N流失量的趋势。在本试验条件下,有约1%的化肥N(速效N)被雨水淋洗出土体并排放到环境中;而速效P的流失量只占化肥P的3/10000~10/10000,流失量很微小。紫色土坡耕地P流失载体是泥沙,流失量更易受雨强的影响,要控制P流失,首先应防止土壤侵蚀;横坡垄作能有效控制土壤侵蚀,因此,也能较好控制P流失。紫色土坡耕地N流失载体在雨强较小时是径流,径流中又以壤中流为主,要控制N流失,首先必须控制壤中流;传统横坡垄作会加大壤中流量,也就加大了N流失。全面控制紫色土的N,P损失,必须采用控蚀耕作、增厚土层、提升土壤有机质等措施。     

Nitrogen fertilizer–induced mineralization of soil organic C and N in six contrasting soils of Bangladesh

A 90‐day laboratory incubation study was carried out using six contrasting subtropical soils (calcareous, peat, saline, noncalcareous, terrace, and acid sulfate) from Bangladesh. A control treatment without nitrogen (N) application was compared with treatments where urea, ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium nitrate (AN) were applied at a rate of 100 mg N (kg soil)^–1. To study the effect of N fertilizers on soil carbon (C) turnover, the CO₂‐C flux was determined at nine sampling dates during the incubation, and the total loss of soil carbon (TC) was calculated. Nitrogen turnover was characterized by measuring net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) and net nitrification (NN). Simple and stepwise multiple regressions were calculated between CO₂‐C flux, TC, NNM, and NN on the one hand and selected soil properties (organic C, total N, C : N ratio, CEC, pH, clay and sand content) on the other hand. In general, CO₂‐C fluxes were clearly higher during the first 2 weeks of the incubation compared to the later phases. Soils with high pH and/or indigenous C displayed the highest CO₂‐C flux. However, soils having low C levels (i.e., calcareous and terrace soils) displayed a large relative TC loss (up to 22.3%) and the added N–induced TC loss from these soils reached a maximum of 10.6%. Loss of TC differed depending on the N treatments (urea > AS > AN >> control). Significantly higher NNM was found in the acidic soils (terrace and acid sulfate). On average, NNM after urea application was higher than for AS and AN (80.3 vs. 71.9 and 70.9 N (kg soil)^–1, respectively). However, specific interactions between N‐fertilizer form and soil type have to be taken into consideration. High pH soils displayed larger NN (75.9–98.1 mg N (kg soil)^–1) than low pH soils. Averaged over the six soils, NN after application of urea and AS (83.3 and 82.2 mg N (kg soil)^–1, respectively) was significantly higher than after application of AN (60.6 mg N (kg soil)^–1). Significant relationships were found between total CO₂ flux and certain soil properties (organic C, total N, CEC, clay and sand content). The most important soil property for NNM as well as NN was soil pH, showing a correlation coefficient of –0.33** and 0.45***, respectively. The results indicate that application of urea to acidic soils and AS to high‐pH soils could be an effective measure to improve the availability of added N for crop uptake.     

不同农艺措施条件下稻田田面水总氮动态变化特征研究

通过盆栽试验,对稻田田面水总氮在不同农艺措施条件下动态变化规律进行了研究,并对该规律进行了数字拟合,以便为控制稻田氮素流失提供理论依据和技术途径.结果表明:田面水总氮浓度在施肥后第一天达到高峰,随着时间的推移不断降低,并且在每次施肥后7-9 d下降到较低水平;施肥水平和田面水总氮浓度呈正相关关系;施肥方式对田面水总氮有较大影响.随着施肥深度加深,田面水总氮含量逐渐降低;不同肥料种类对田面水总氮亦有影响,全部施用复合肥处理浓度最大,施用复合肥+碳铵处理浓度最小;有机肥作为缓释肥料在试验初期对田面水总氮贡献不大;沙土较粘壤土处理田面水总氮浓度大.     

有载自动调容配电变压器及其动态降损节能效益分析

为验证有载自动调容配电变压器降损节能效果及其解决“大马拉小车”的机理,根据实测的动态日、月负荷数据,绘制了日、月负荷曲线;对SZ11-M-T型有载自动调容型变压器与S11普通型配电变压器的动态功率损耗进行了综合经济性比较。计算结果表明：对于峰谷用电量差异明显,峰谷负荷轮换频繁的用电区域及用电季节性集中的农村配电区域,避免普通变压器长期处于“大马拉小车”有效途径是使用有载自动调容配电变压器;相对于无载调容,有载自动调容配电变压器降损节能经济效益十分明显,使用范围更广。     

浙江省水土流失的时空动态研究

浙江省大量基础设施建设项目的开工建设,在不同地区和不同建设工期表现出的水土流失特征各不相同,且不同的土地利用方式和利用强度造成的水土流失类型和规律也不相同,充分体现了经济发达地区不同于过去和经济相对落后地区的水土流失特征。经济发达地区的水土流失特征可归纳为:水土流失面积小、强度大,强度水土流失空间分布分散、时间集中性强、动态变化速度快,水土流失治理效益显著,人为诱发水土流失突出。出现上述特征的原因可概括为:开发建设项目不同工期水土保持措施效益差异是强度水土流失面积波动的原因之一,经济开发和劳动力转型是水土流失面积减少的原因之一,农业经济林开发建设是导致林地水土流失比重大的原因之一。提出了今后水土保持工作应采取的新措施和重点治理的新方向。     

Conservation planning with dynamic threats: The role of spatial design and priority setting for species’ persistence

Conservation actions frequently need to be scheduled because both funding and implementation capacity are limited. Two approaches to scheduling are possible. Maximizing gain (MaxGain) which attempts to maximize representation with protected areas, or minimizing loss (MinLoss) which attempts to minimize total loss both inside and outside protected areas. Conservation planners also choose between setting priorities based solely on biodiversity pattern and considering surrogates for biodiversity processes such as connectivity. We address both biodiversity processes and habitat loss in a scheduling framework by comparing four different prioritization strategies defined by MaxGain and MinLoss applied to biodiversity patterns and processes to solve the dynamic area selection problem with variable area cost. We compared each strategy by estimating predicted species’ occurrences within a landscape after 20 years of incremental reservation and loss of habitat. By incorporating species-specific responses to fragmentation, we found that you could improve the performance of conservation strategies. MinLoss was the best approach for conserving both biodiversity pattern and process. However, due to the spatial autocorrelation of habitat loss, reserves selected with this approach tended to become more isolated through time; losing up to 40% of occurrences of edge-sensitive species. Additionally, because of the positive correlation between threats and land cost, reserve networks designed with this approach contained smaller and fewer reserves compared with networks designed with a MaxGain approach. We suggest a possible way to account for the negative effect of fragmentation by considering both local and neighbourhood vulnerability to habitat loss.     

中国省际农业生态效率评价及其改进路径分析

农业生态效率是衡量农业绿色可持续发展的重要指标,对农业生态效率进行科学的评价,有利于准确评估农业生态系统的真实水平,以实现农业资源的高效利用。采用超效率SBM-DEA模型,对2000—2017年中国内地31个省（市、区）的农业生态效率进行了测度和分组,并分析了2017年未达DEA效率状态地区的农业投入产出的冗余与不足。高效率组中的省份一类位于东部地区,一类位于西部地区,而东北部和中部地区及西部地区的部分省份主要处于中、低效率组;2017年,只有青海、宁夏和天津出现农业产出不足情况,其余未达到DEA效率状态的地区均存在不同程度的机械、用水、农药、化肥、农膜、能源等要素投入冗余和碳排放、污染排放过度的情况。中国省际农业生态效率水平空间差异明显,发展变动态势不一,效率损失的主要原因是要素投入冗余和非期望产出过度,但各省份冗余的具体构成不同。因此,各省应根据其实际情况和效率损失的具体原因,采取适宜性的措施提升农业生态效率。     

新型水土流失监测装置及其应用

测钎法是一种应用广泛的水土流失监测方法,但是传统测钎法难以适应复杂监测地形,缺乏专门测读装置,还会产生较大监测误差,需要对其加以改进.以颐和园万寿山山体为研究对象,针对其山体特征和文物分布状况,选定18块监测场地,发明单钎多点式测读装置,选用改进的测钎法对水土流失进行监测.结果表明:1)18块监测场地考虑了土壤、坡度、植被等因素的差异,可以全面反映万寿山水土流失状况;2)单钎多点式测读装置有效降低了测钎埋点环境条件、测读方式等客观和主观误差,提高了测钎法水土流失监测结果的准确性;3)监测期间,万寿山平均土壤流失值在-3 mm～ +1 mm范围内.说明新型水土流失监测装置是可行的,所用水土流失监测方法和数据处理方法,可供其他类似工程借鉴与应用.     

影响土壤NO-3-N淋失的因素及预防措施

农业生产中的不合理栽培造成的NO3^--N淋失问题不仅大大降低了肥料利用率，增加了生产成本，而且对生态环境民的污染问题也日益严重，从施肥，地面接水量，土壤性质，作物种类及土壤－植物系统的组合特征5个方面扼要概述了近阶段影响土壤NO3－N淋失因素的研究进展，并提出了减少NO3－N淋失，提高肥料利用率的预防措施及对策。