海洋牧场智能化浮式聚鱼装备研发与现场试验

海洋牧场是减缓我国近海渔业资源衰退,实现可持续利用的重要抓手,鱼类行为控制是海洋牧场高效运行的四大关键技术之一。为满足海洋牧场系统化渔业生产和管理的需要,研制了一种可业务化运行的智能化浮式聚鱼装备。该装备以无线网桥为通信核心,运用继电器组分别控制水下监控系统、声音驯化系统、定量投饵系统、传感器等,解决了开放式海域鱼类行为的驯化与控制问题。为解决驯化中出现的自相残杀和鱼类生长的"马太效应",研发了柔性分级驯化栅,通过使用前后效果的对比分析发现能够明显提高驯化效果。所研发装备在象山港海洋牧场以黑鲷为对象进行了全过程试验,针对核心区和周边三个对比区进行了长周期调查,现场试验结果表明了其有效性,能够有效提升鱼类行为控制水平,为最终实现海洋牧场的高效运行提供了坚实支撑。     

气泡幕对许氏平鲉的阻拦效果研究

气泡幕可作为海洋牧场鱼群控制的技术手段之一。本研究通过改变气泡幕在水槽中的相对位置和试验许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)的密度来观察许氏平鲉的行为反应,运用了观察法、对照试验法和控制变量法探究了气泡幕对不同密度下的许氏平鲉的阻拦效果。结果显示:1)试验鱼20尾时,气泡幕的位置分别设置在矩形水槽长的1/4、1/2和3/4处(鱼的密度为12.52、6.26、4.17尾/m2),阻拦率分别达到了98.2%、88.4%和92.9%,阻拦效果明显。2)气泡幕设置在水槽长度方向的1/2处,试验鱼分别为5尾、10尾、15尾和20尾时,气泡幕阻拦率分别达到了100%、85.7%、100%和88.4%(鱼群密度分别为1.56、3.12、4.69、6.26尾/m2),阻拦效果良好。3)由于阻拦率较高,试验鱼群密度和阻拦效率没有明显的关系。本研究结果可为我国投放许氏平鲉的海洋牧场鱼群控制技术以及取水口拦鱼技术提供参考。     

Growth and survival model of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) for capture‐based aquaculture in Mexico

Capture‐based aquaculture (CBA) is a strategy to capture wild aquatic organisms for rearing. The most iconic species produced under this scheme are bluefin tunas. In Mexico, CBA of this species is developed with Pacific bluefin tunas (PBFT). The parametrization of a biological production function able to describe biomass dynamics during the production cycle is one of the strategies that can help optimize production. The objective of this study was to explain biomass dynamics in capture‐based Pacific Bluefin tuna aquaculture in Mexican waters through parameterization of a growth and survival model. This study also assessed the impact of uncertain intrinsic CBA variables (i.e. seed weight, number of stocked individuals and sea surface temperature [SST] variability). The model was parameterized with production records of 47 net pens in two production sites (an offshore and an inshore facility) during three cycles. The results suggested that production performance was related to SST given that this factor affected survival, mainly during the first ≈40 days after stocking. The risk analysis showed that stocking during the second half of the fishing season from June to August increased the likelihood of matching or exceeding the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) defined regarding biomass increase per pen.     

象山港海洋牧场建设与生物资源的增殖养护技术

通过生物资源生境营造、适宜性增殖物种筛选与应用、牧化物种增殖与采捕、效果评估和管理等技术的研究与运用,建立有效恢复生物资源、实现天然水域渔业生物资源产出功能最大化的象山港海洋牧场示范区。至今已建成由15个圆角六边形和1 000个台面框架型诱导礁组合而成的7个鱼礁群,面积25 hm~2,形成空方规模53 810 m~3;移植海带、坛紫菜和龙须菜等大型海藻,建成以浮式平面藻床为主的人工藻场80 hm~2。底播毛蚶、栉江珧等贝类2 000万粒;年放流大黄鱼、黑鲷、黄姑鱼、褐鲳鲉等鱼类苗种160万尾;中国明对虾、日本对虾等虾类1亿尾。调查结果显示,牧场示范区富营养化程度有所降低,初级与次级生产力明显提升,其中海藻年生物量约为18 000 kg/hm~2;海洋牧场的渔业资源养护效果良好,人工鱼礁投放19个月后,鱼礁区游泳动物群落的物种丰富度、总生物量和总丰度分别为对照区的1.32倍、2.04倍和1.49倍。     

人工鱼礁工程技术进展研究

人工鱼礁是实现海洋牧场建设、海域生态调控和海洋生境修复的主要手段之一。人工鱼礁的聚鱼效果主要取决于礁体建造材料、结构造型、流体力学特征及礁体布局等因素。总结了国内外人工鱼礁工程技术的发展历程,阐述了我国人工鱼礁发展存在的问题。通过查阅文献资料,总结了礁体造型和设计方面的研究进展,主要包括:现有人工鱼礁礁体材料的优、缺点,新型复合材料应用空间等;主要礁体构型及现有设计方法;采用流体力学模型试验和数值计算,开展礁体水动力学行为研究的进展;人工诱导流场和人工鱼礁布局主要方法。结合我国人工鱼礁现状,提出人工鱼礁设计与应用的发展趋势和重点研究方向,以期为我国人工鱼礁建造和升级提供参考。     

中国海域建设海洋牧场的意义及可行性

在分析世界海洋牧场发展的基础上，以中国海洋渔业保持可持续性发展为目的，论述了中国开发建设海洋牧场的意义、必要性及可行性，提出了在渤海海域建设海洋牧场的几点建议，建议对渤海水域进行整体长远规划，在近岸较深水域投放以增殖底栖和近底层鱼类为主的人工鱼礁，在适合网箱养鱼的近岸或内湾水域投放人工藻礁，在旅游城市近岸海域建设音响驯化型海洋牧场，最终在渤海海域形成布局合理的海洋大牧场。     

An evaluation of agroforestry systems as a rural development option for the Brazilian Amazon

In the Brazilian Amazon mass deforestation has resulted from a sequenceof road building, extractive logging, and pasture development during the pastthree decades. Ranchers have consolidated small agricultural holdings, pushingfarmers to move to forest frontiers or urban fringes, prompting furtherdeforestation and social instability. In response to this conversion ofAmazonian forests, the authors sought to identify both economically viable andmore sustainable development alternatives within the Brazilian state ofPará. There, local farmers of Japanese descent have developed a varietyof agroforestry systems in which 10 to 20 hectare (ha) fields yieldincomes comparable to 400 to 1,200 ha pastures. In addition, suchcrop fields generate substantially more rural employment per hathan do pastures. Ongoing forest conversion to pasture is clearly not a productof sound economic decision making. Improved land zoning and public policiescould favor agroforestry over further pasture expansion, stabilizing ruralpopulations while helping to conserve the Amazon's remaining forests. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Abalone ranching: a review on genetic considerations

Haliotis L. (abalone) is an economically important genus comprising approximately 14 species with commercial value. Unfortunately, due to habitat destruction, overfishing and illegal harvesting, this wild resource is being depleted to unrecoverable status worldwide. To supply the world demand, abalone are cultured in artificial hatchery environments. In the past few decades, attention has been paid to use these artificial environments to the benefit of the species by implementing abalone ranching or reseeding. This is done in an attempt to rebuild the collapsed populations and to prevent further declines in fished stocks. In various countries in which commercial production is in operation, this has been attempted with various levels of success. For ranching to be successful, various factors, however, need to be considered, one of the most important probably being the correct genetic management of such a ranching programme. Genetic management should include using broodstock that are representatives of natural populations, minimizing the effects of hatchery practices on the genetic make‐up of the animals to be released and investigating the genetic impacts of this practice on wild populations. In this review, the genetic management and the effects if management is not implemented are discussed as well as the potential of molecular markers to be used as genetic tags in identifying hatchery‐reared animals.     

Designing a transfrontier conservation landscape for the Maputaland centre of endemism using biodiversity, economic and threat data

A number of global priority region schemes have been developed, but local assessments are needed to identify priority areas for conservation within these regions. Here, we describe results from a conservation assessment for Maputaland, part of a biodiversity hotspot in southern Africa that is also the focus of the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area (TFCA) initiative between South Africa, Mozambique and Swaziland. The TFCA seeks to establish new state-, private- and communally-managed conservation areas to boost economic development through nature-based tourism and game ranching. The assessment will guide the TFCA process and used a systematic conservation planning approach to design a landscape to conserve 44 landcover types, 53 species and 14 ecological processes. The assessment also included data on modelled risk of agricultural transformation, of which low-risk areas were selected where possible. The current PA systems in the three countries cover 3830 km², which represents 21.2% of the region, and meet the representation targets for 46% of the conservation features. The proposed conservation landscape adds 4291 km² of new core areas and 480 km² of linkages and, if appropriate, could provide potential revenues of US$18.8 million from game ranching, based on modelled large ungulate density, life history and game auction data. We also discuss the benefits of including data on widely distributed, better known conservation features together with less-well studied, range-restricted species and the advantages of using agricultural transformation risk data in conservation assessments.     

象山港海洋牧场规划区选址评估的数值模拟研究：滨海电厂温排水温升的影响

应用海洋数值模式ECOM-si(estuarine coastal oceanmodel-semi-implicit),耦合一个可用于实时计算的太阳辐射强度和海面热通量计算模块,研究评估了象山港海洋牧场规划海域受两大滨海电厂(国华电厂和乌沙山电厂)温排水的影响程度。受往复流作用,国华电厂的温排水对海洋牧场区较乌沙山电厂的温排水影响大,海洋牧场西南侧受温排水影响较东北侧大。计算结果表明不同季节海洋牧场温升范围和分布特征各异,经分析主要是因为各季节海气温差所导致。春季增温期的温升幅度最大,可高于1.0℃,且温升范围也最大,对海洋牧场区的影响也最明显。秋季降温期内温升幅度最小(0.3℃～0.5℃),温升范围也最小。分别处于低温期与高温期的冬季与夏季,海气温差小,温升幅度约0.5℃～1.0℃,温升范围亦居中。